scholarly journals Ground Reaction Force Comparison Between Barefoot and Shod Single Leg Landing at Varied Heights

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Jocelyn E. Arnett ◽  
Cameron D. Addie ◽  
Ludmila M. Cosio-Lima ◽  
Lee E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Main Effects

Background: Landing is a common movement that occurs in many sports. Barefoot research has gained popularity in examining how shoes alter natural movements. However, it is unknown how a single leg landing under barefoot conditions, as well as landing height, affects ground reaction forces (GRF). Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine the differences in GRF during a single leg landing under barefoot and shod conditions from various heights. Methods: Sixteen female Division II collegiate athletes, 8 basketball (age: 19.88 ± 0.64 yrs; height: 1.77 ± 0.09 m; mass: 75.76 ± 12.97 kg) and 8 volleyball (age: 20.00 ± 1.07 yrs; height: 1.74 ± 0.08 m; mass: 72.41 ± 5.41 kg), performed single leg landings from 12, 18, 24, and 30 inches barefoot and shod. An AMTI AccuGait force plate was used to record GRF. A 2 (condition) x 4 (box height) x 2 (sport) repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine any GRF differences. Results: There were no significant three way or two-way interactions (p > 0.05). There was also no main effect for sport (p > 0.05). There were main effects for footwear and box height (p = 0.000) where shod (2295.121 ± 66.025 N) had greater impact than barefoot (2090.233 ± 62.684 N). Conclusions: Single leg barefoot landings resulted in less vertical GRF than shod landings. This could be due to increased flexion at the joints which aids in force absorption.

Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Gustås ◽  
Christopher Johnston ◽  
Stig Drevemo
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Triaxial Accelerometer ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Sand Surface ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Force Data

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to compare the hoof deceleration and ground reaction forces following impact on two different surfaces. Seven unshod Standardbreds were trotted by hand at 3.0–5.7 m s− 1 over a force plate covered by either of the two surfaces, sandpaper or a 1 cm layer of sand. Impact deceleration data were recorded from one triaxial accelerometer mounted on the fore- and hind hooves, respectively. Ground reaction force data were obtained synchronously from a force plate, sampled at 4.8 kHz. The differences between the two surfaces were studied by analysing representative deceleration and force variables for individual horses. The maximum horizontal peak deceleration and the loading rates of the vertical and the horizontal forces were significantly higher on sandpaper compared with the sand surface (P < 0.001). In addition, the initial vertical deceleration was significantly higher on sandpaper in the forelimb (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it was shown that the different qualities of the ground surface result in differences in the hoof-braking pattern, which may be of great importance for the strength of the distal horse limb also at slow speeds.

Correlation between Ground Reaction Force and Tibial Acceleration in Vertical Jumping

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niell G. Elvin ◽  
Alex A. Elvin ◽  
Steven P. Arnoczky
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Vertical Jumping ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Reaction Forces

Modern electronics allow for the unobtrusive measurement of accelerations outside the laboratory using wireless sensor nodes. The ability to accurately measure joint accelerations under unrestricted conditions, and to correlate them with jump height and landing force, could provide important data to better understand joint mechanics subject to real-life conditions. This study investigates the correlation between peak vertical ground reaction forces, as measured by a force plate, and tibial axial accelerations during free vertical jumping. The jump heights calculated from force-plate data and accelerometer measurements are also compared. For six male subjects participating in this study, the average coefficient of determination between peak ground reaction force and peak tibial axial acceleration is found to be 0.81. The coefficient of determination between jump height calculated using force plate and accelerometer data is 0.88. Data show that the landing forces could be as high as 8 body weights of the jumper. The measured peak tibial accelerations ranged up to 42 g. Jump heights calculated from force plate and accelerometer sensors data differed by less than 2.5 cm. It is found that both impact accelerations and landing forces are only weakly correlated with jump height (the average coefficient of determination is 0.12). This study shows that unobtrusive accelerometers can be used to determine the ground reaction forces experienced in a jump landing. Whereas the device also permitted an accurate determination of jump height, there was no correlation between peak ground reaction force and jump height.

The Effects of Cryotherapy on Ground-Reaction Forces Produced during a Functional Task

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Kinzey ◽  
Mitchell L. Cordova ◽  
Kevin J. Gallen ◽  
Jason C. Smith ◽  
Justin B. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground

Objective:To determine whether a standard 20-min ice-bath (10°C) immersion of the leg alters vertical ground-reaction-force components during a 1 -legged vertical jump.Design:A 1 × 5 factorial repeated-measures model was used.Setting:The Applied Biomechanics Laboratory at The University of Mississippi.Participants:Fifteen healthy and physically active subjects (age = 22.3 ± 2.1 years, height = 177.3 ± 12.2 cm, mass = 76.3 ± 19.1 kg) participated.Intervention:Subjects performed 25 one-legged vertical jumps with their preferred extremity before (5 jumps) and after (20 jumps) a 20-min cold whirlpool to the leg. The 25 jumps were reduced into 5 sets of average trials.Main Outcome Measures:Normalized peak and average vertical ground-reaction forces, as well as vertical impulse obtained using an instrumented force platform.Results:Immediately after cryotherapy (sets 2 and 3), vertical impulse decreased (P= .01); peak vertical ground-reaction force increased (set 2) but then decreased toward baseline measures (P= .02). Average vertical ground-reaction force remained unchanged (P>.05).Conclusions:The authors advocate waiting approximately 15 min before engaging in activities that require the production of weight-bearing explosive strength or power.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Force and Valgus Knee Loading during Landing after a Block in Female Volleyball Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zahradnik ◽  
Jaroslav Uchytil ◽  
Roman Farana ◽  
Daniel Jandacka
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Valgus Knee ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Right

Abstract A non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is both a serious and very common problem in volleyball. The aim of the study was to determine the association between stick, step-back, and run-back landings after a block and select risk factors of ACL injuries for female professional volleyball players. The research sample involved fourteen female professional volleyball players. Two force plates were used to determine ground reaction forces. Eight infrared cameras were employed to collect the kinematic data. The one-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance, where the landing type was the factor, was used for comparing the valgus moment and ground reaction force on the right lower limb. ANOVA showed that the type of landing has a main effect on the valgus moment on the right lower limb (F) = 5.96, p = 0.019df = 1.18, partial ƞ2 = 0.239 and SP = 0.693). Furthermore, it did not show a main effect on the vertical reaction force on the right lower limb ((F)=2.77, p=0.090, df=1.55, partial ƞ2= 0.128 and SP=0.448). The highest valgus moment occurred during the run-back landing. This moment, however, did not have any effect within the first 100 ms after initial contact with the ground, but rather upon the subsequent motion carried out when stepping back off the net. A comparison between a run-back landing and a step-back landing showed relevant higher values of vertical ground reaction forces during the run-back landing.

ASSESSMENT OF GROUND REACTION FORCES OF STEPPAGE GAIT IN COMPARISON WITH NORMAL GAIT

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Jamshidi ◽  
Mostafa Rostami ◽  
Siamak Najarian ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Menhaj ◽  
Mohammad Saadatnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Drop Foot ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
Force Plate Data

Background: This pilot study aimed to assess quantitative differences between normal and steppage gait by analyzing force plate data. Materials and Methods: We studied 25 subjects with drop foot, who were treated in the orthopedic center for drop foot brace. Twenty healthy students were included as a control group. There were no differences in the age, weight, height, and body mass index between the patients and the controls (p > 0.05). They walked at self-selected speed with a mean of 10 trials (+2) to collect their ground reaction forces data by force plate. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in antero-posterior component of ground reaction force (p > 0.05). There was significant relationship between the time parameters in vertical and medio-lateral components of ground reaction forces (p < 0.05). We have found that the medio-lateral impulse in the patients group is negative (p < 0.05), which means instability in patients' gait. Conclusion: The result of this research reveals that the analysis of ground reaction force quantitatively describes steppage gait. The average stance time among patients is longer than control group. Further work with a larger database of subjects is required to confirm our findings.

The evaluation of limb symmetry indices using ground reaction forces collected with one or two force plates in healthy dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabby Sandberg ◽  
Sarah Robb ◽  
Steven Budsberg ◽  
Nicola Volstad
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Data

SummaryObjective: To compare the variability of symmetry indices within and between days when using one and two force plates for data collection.Animals: Seventeen healthy client-owned adult dogs.Methods: Vertical ground reaction force data were collected in a crossover study design, with four collection sessions on two consecutive days, and then two weeks apart (days 1, 2, 15, and 16) using both 1-plate and 2-plate collection methods. Symmetry indices were calculated for limb pairs using two standard equations (SI1 and SI2). Repeated measures analysis was used to compare symmetry indices data between plate systems and days. Significance was set at p <0.05.Results: There were no significant differences between plate systems for SI1 and SI2. There were no significant differences between data collected on different days and no significant interaction effects between variables. Symmetry indices were consistently larger for ground reaction forces calculated from non-consecutive footfalls.Conclusions: The use of two force plate systems will minimize variance caused by trial repetition and paired limb variation. When comparing SI1 to SI2, results were not significantly different. However, there were consistently higher mean values for SI1 compared with SI2 and symmetry indices were consistently larger for 1-plate systems compared to 2-plate systems for both symmetry indices.

The Variability in Running Gait Caused by Force Plate Targeting

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Challis
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Age Range

This study examined the influence of force plate targeting, via stride length adjustments, on the magnitude and consistency of ground reaction force and segment angle profiles of the stance phase of human running. Seven male subjects (height, 1.77 m ± 0.081; mass, 72.4 kg ± 7.52; age range, 23 to 32 years) were asked to run at a mean velocity of 3.2 m · s–1 under three conditions (normal, short, and long strides). Four trials were completed for each condition. For each trial, the ground reaction forces were measured and the orientations of the foot, shank, and thigh computed. There were no statistically significant differences (p > .05) between the coefficients of variation of ground reaction force and segment angle profiles under the three conditions, so these profiles were produced consistently. Peak active vertical ground reaction forces, their timings, and segment angles at foot off were not significantly different across conditions. In contrast, significant differences between conditions were found for peak vertical impact forces and their timings, and for the three lower limb segment angles at the start of force plate contact. These results have implications for human gait studies, which require subjects to target the force plate. Targeting may be acceptable depending on the variables to be analyzed.

Influence of heel design in an orthopedic shoe on ground reaction forces during walking

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyeh Daryabor ◽  
Hassan Saeedi ◽  
Mohammad Sadegh Ghasemi ◽  
Meria Yazdani ◽  
Mohammad Kamali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Impact

Background: One of the treatments prescribed for musculoskeletal patients is orthopedic shoe. The use of an orthopedic shoe is thought to produce a more typical ground reactive force pattern. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the influence of three heel designs of an orthopedic shoe on the ground reaction forces during walking in healthy subjects. Study design: Quasi-experimental. Method: In total, 30 healthy adults (12 males, 18 females) walked at a self-selected pace for six trials in each of the three shoe conditions having three different heels which included the following: standard heel, beveled heel, and positive posterior heel flare. For each trial, ground reaction force parameters were recorded using a force plate. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the impact force was significantly reduced for the positive posterior heel flare condition by 8% and 13% compared with standard and beveled heels, respectively ( p < 0.001). The first peak of vertical force showed a significant reduction in the beveled heel by 5% and 4% compared with the standard heel and the positive posterior heel flare, respectively ( p < 0.001). Loading rate was significantly reduced in the beveled heel and the positive posterior heel flare conditions ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Positive posterior heel flare reduced impact force due to its geometry flexibility, while a beveled heel reduced first peak of vertical force. The findings of this study show that the shape of the heel therefore has the potential to modify impact loads during walking. Clinical relevance This study provides new evidence that by changing shape in the heel of orthopedic shoe impact loads are reduced during walking. Thus, these findings indicate that use of heel design may be beneficial for various musculoskeletal disorders, including key public health problems.

scholarly journals Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Udofa ◽  
Kenneth P. Clark ◽  
Laurence J. Ryan ◽  
Peter G. Weyand
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Time

Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body’s mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds ( r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error  = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.

Ground Reaction Forces in Children’s Gait

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Greer ◽  
Joseph Hamill ◽  
Kevin R. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Force Components ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Minimum Force

Ground reaction force patterns during walking were observed in 18 children 3 and 4 years of age. The children walked barefoot at a self-chosen walking pace. Selected variables representing the vertical, anteroposterior, and mediolateral force components were evaluated. The results indicated that children in this age range contact the ground with greater vertical force measures relative to body mass than do adults. In addition, the minimum vertical force was lower, the transition from braking to propulsion occurred earlier, and the mediolateral force excursions were higher than typically found in adults. When the children were divided into groups on the basis of sex, differences were observed between those groups. The boys exhibited a greater difference in the vertical peak forces, a lower minimum force, a greater braking force, and a higher mediolateral force excursion value. The results indicated that children display a different ground reaction force pattern than do adults and that differences between boys and girls may be observed as early as ages 3 and 4 years.

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