scholarly journals СРПСКИ ДОБРОВОЉЦИ И СОЛУНСКИ ФРОНТ SERBIAN VOLUNTEERS AND SALONIKA FRONT

2020 ◽  
pp. 401-442
Author(s):  
Милан Гулић
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
The World ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
State Territory

Када су крајем 1915. и почетком 1916. окупиране српске краљевине Србија и Црна Гора, преостала српска војска нашла се на територији Грчке. Уз помоћ савезника је опорављена, опремљена и реорганизована, а затим пребачена на Солунски фронт у првој половини 1916. С обзиром на то да је државна територија била окупирана, једини извор њеног попуњавања постали су добровољци. Онима који су се са српском војском повукли преко Албаније придружили су се хиљаде нових, који су пристизали са Источног фронта, из Сјеверне Америке, а у мањем броју из других дијелова свијета. Кроз рад пратимо три војне формације српске војске које су у потпуности или у значајној мјери биле састављене од добровољаца, како грађана Србије, који из различитих разлога нису подлегали војној обавези, тако и од страних држављана, махом српске националности, који су се ставили на расположење Србији. Чланак је заснован на објављеним и необјављеним документима, стручној литератури и мемоарским дјелима. When in late 1915 and early 1916 the Serbian kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro were occupied, the remaining Serbian army was in the territory of Greece. With the Allies’ help, the army recovered, was equipped and re-organised, and transferred to the Salonika Front in the first half of 1916. As the state territory was occupied, volunteers became the only source for replenishing the army. Those who withdrew through Albania together with the Serbian army were joined by thousands of new soldiers, arriving from the Eastern Front, North America and, in smaller numbers, from other parts of the world. In this paper, we follow three military formations of the Serbian army entirely or significantly consisting of volunteers, both Serbian nationals, who were not conscripts for different reasons, and foreign nationals, mainly of Serbian ethnicity, who put themselves at the service of Serbia. The paper is based on published and unpublished documents, professional literature and memoirs.

scholarly journals Enhancing Pension Adequacy While Reducing the Fiscal Budget and Creating Essential Capital for Domestic Investments and Growth: Analysing the Risks and Outcomes in the Case of Greece

Risks ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Georgios Symeonidis ◽  
Platon Tinios ◽  
Panos Xenos
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Expected Result ◽  
Financial Pressure ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Investments ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Pension Adequacy

Many countries around the world are resorting to mandatory funded components in their multi-pillar pension systems with the purpose of catering for the financial pressure from ageing. This paper aims at analysing the possible replacement rates for such a scheme, by choosing different assumptions and setting the best combined area for the expected result. Then, an approach for analysing the potential for the implementation of such a scheme in Greece is presented along with the actuarially projected expected benefit expenditure and respective accrued capital. A result of the introduction of such a component is expected to be the elevated replacement rate at retirement with a concurrent alleviation of the fiscal burden for the state. The projected scale of savings will also provide domestic financing for investments generating growth.

scholarly journals Key and atlas to the genus Trichocera MEIGEN in Europe (Diptera, Trichoceridae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Krzemińska
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
The State ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Males And Females

The key presents all 59 species of the genus Trichocera Meigen which occur in Europe. Four subgenera are represented: Trichocera Meigen 1803 (five species), Metatrichocera Dahl 1967 (seven species), Saltrichocera Krzemińska 2002 (35 species), and Staryia Krzemińska & Gorzka 2016 (13 species). The type material of two species, one from North America and one from Asia, are described (Trichocera columbiana Alexander, 1927 and T. arctica Lundström, 1915), whose identities cause some problems and whose presence in the northern regions of Europe is possible. Two new species are described, Trichocera (Saltrichocera) longa, n. sp., and T. (Staryia) oulankae, n. sp. Trichocera versicolor is resurrected from synonymy; T. limpidipennis is synonymized with T. regelationis. There are separate keys to males and females; species are illustrated with camera pictures of diagnostic features: genitalia, antennae, and male tarsal claws, and additionally, wings and thoraces when only one sex is known, to enable further search. The state of knowledge of the genus in Europe and in the world is discussed.

scholarly journals GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION AS THE MAIN PREREQUISITE FOR NARROWING THE CORRUPTION SPACE

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Oksana Safonchyk ◽  
Artem Ripenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Government Administration ◽  
State Program ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Eu

Political corruption as a social phenomenon exists in virtually all countries of the world, including those that most researchers consider as “benchmarks” in terms of the development of democracy. At the same time, there is a steady tendency towards the growth of political corruption and the evolution of corruption practices in developed democratic countries. Problems of political corruption in the professional literature are given a lot of attention but the issues related to the peculiarities of the experience of fighting political corruption in the EU in the context of the introduction of appropriate practices in Ukraine remain insufficiently researched. In the context of reforming the modern Ukrainian society, the study of problems of preventing and counteracting corruption is extremely relevant for a number of reasons: firstly, corrupt practices in the government machinery are the main obstacle to the implementation of any reforms; secondly, the high level of corruption in society, as evidenced by the results of the World CPI Corruption Perception Index 2015, decreases public confidence in the government; thirdly, it is necessary to implement the anti-corruption recommendations of the Action Plan on Visa Liberalization from the European Union (EU); fourthly, the reduction of corruption would contribute to attracting international investment, and so on. The purpose of the article is to identify features of counteraction to corruption in the countries of the European Union and to analyse the formation of government administration as the main precondition for narrowing the corruption space. To achieve this purpose, the following goals were set: to determine the level of implementation of international anti-corruption standards in the government practice of Ukraine; to investigate the formation and development of anti-corruption institutions; to analyse the experience of anti-corruption institutions in the EU; to investigate the formation of informational transparency of government space; to analyse the ratings of Ukraine regarding data openness; to find out the features of E-Declaration models as an element of public control of anti-corruption institutions in the system of public administration. Reaffirming its European aspirations, during 2001–2018, Ukraine ratified several laws in relation to the formation of anti-corruption standards: a) general and on liability for corruption offenses and offenses related to corruption; b) documents on the activities of specialized agencies for fighting corruption; c) documents on ethical rules, anti-corruption restrictions and prohibitions for certain officials and on the prevention of political corruption; d) documents on the prevention of corruption in the economy and sports; e) documents on access to information. This allows asserting that in general the legislative framework for the prevention of corruption in Ukraine has already been established. Despite the adoption of many laws, out of 200 anti-corruption measures, which, according to the State Program for the implementation of the Anticorruption Strategy, had to be implemented by state bodies by the end of 2018, about 35% had not been implemented. Anticorruption strategy for 2019 and subsequent years and the State Program for its implementation do not exist. Many important anti-corruption laws, which would help to further improve the Ukrainian economy, finance, the system of social protection of the population, and so on, were not adopted. Many of the problems that prevent effective use of the data obtained still need to be resolved. It is also necessary to find solutions for defining the electronic declaration of anti-corruption crusaders.

scholarly journals International standards and domestic violence

Temida ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic ◽  
Mirjana Dokmanovic
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
International Law ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
The World ◽  
Set Up

The majority states in the world, as well as Serbia and Montenegro, took over the obligations from international law documents with regards to prevention, protection and prosecution of domestic violence. Over the last several years, in Serbia and Montenegro, there have been some positive steps regarding more decisive reaction on domestic violence, in the first place thanks to NGOs advocacy. However, the state involvement and contribution is still symbolic in comparison with obligations that international documents require from it. Having that in mind, authors try to explain the role and significance of international law for improving social responses on family violence. They also give systematic review of the most important demands that international law set up before the state. The main aim of the text is the analysis of the role that international law has in making state strategies in the field of domestic violence, as well as systematic review of existing international standards in this area which have to be taken into consideration in legislative, institutionalized and other reforms which are on going in Serbia and Montenegro.

scholarly journals A Genealogy of State Sovereignty

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Zucca
Keyword(s):  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Global Order ◽  
National State ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
The World ◽  
Theological Foundation ◽  
State Territory

AbstractA genealogical account of state sovereignty explores the ways in which the concept has emerged, evolved, and is in decline today. Sovereignty has a theological foundation, and is deeply bound up with the idea of God, in particular a voluntarist God, presented as being capable of intervening directly in the world. Religious conflicts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries forced the separation between religion and politics, and opened the space for the emergence of a national state endowed with sovereignty which has dominated the world until now. Today’s rise of international and transnational obligations challenges the conventional understanding of state sovereignty, which cannot account for the normative density of the global order and the corresponding decline of state-based political authority. In order to explain that, I contrast two competing understandings of state sovereignty: a static one and a dynamic one. The static understanding regards sovereignty as absolute within the state territory. The dynamic understanding regards sovereignty as evolutionary: according to this account, the state is just one possible form that sovereignty can take. I conclude by suggesting that the dynamic understanding of state sovereignty is better suited to explaining the decline of state sovereignty.

Religious Madness in the Vormärz : Culture, Politics, and the Professionalization of Psychiatry

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Professional Journals ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Nuisance ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Epileptic Fits

In 1849 Germany’s leading psychiatric journal reported a curious “illness” that, “like a plague,” had swept through a number of rural Swedish communities: young girls subject to an “involuntary drive to preach.” The “preaching illness” began with symptoms of a “strongly-felt awakening towards repentance and improvement,” headaches, and burning in the chest. It then progressed to “automatic convulsions” and visions, which the girls “imagine are the effects of God’s spirit.” In this state, they preached a message admonishing against sin—against dancing, drinking, card-playing, and other depraved behavior—and prophesied the coming destruction of the world. Whole communities had been infected, believing in the girls’ message and in their connection to God. Identifying new forms of religious “madness” (and other mental illnesses) was a learning process, and one important venue for this was the collegial exchange of case histories in professional journals. In a postscript to the article, Carl Friedrich Flemming (1799–1880), an editor of the journal and one of Germany’s leading asylum psychiatrists, appended his own recent treatment of a case in Prussia that remarkably matched the symptoms of the Swedish preaching illness. A young village girl took to falling into “epileptic fits” and, in a trance state, would admonish people in her community about their sins. She attained “great respect through her preachings and prophesying”; “listeners streamed” to hear her, even paying money for the privilege. A doctor was called in to examine her; she was ultimately removed to an asylum where, through Flemming’s successful cure, she “never again made the least attempt to preach,” and was able to be returned home without any further “public nuisance.” The preaching illness was but one variant of a larger epidemic of religious madness that physicians, asylum alienists, and others were convinced plagued their society. They saw patients troubled by anxiety, guilt, and terror over real or imagined sins; people who were bewitched or possessed by the devil; prophets and mystics whose diseased imaginations led them to believe themselves endowed with divine powers. This was the heyday of religious madness, an illness discussed at length in the professional literature and registered in asylum statistics across Europe and North America.

scholarly journals Theft of electricity as a specific criminal offence

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 427-442
Author(s):  
Vesna Stojković
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Electricity Theft ◽  
Severe Punishment ◽  
Court Practice ◽  
State Territory

The level of unauthorized (illegal) consumption of electricity (theft of electricity) has seriously increased on the state territory of Serbia and Montenegro. A crucial step in the struggle against the theft of electricity would be to bring charges against the offender of this crime. The statutory provisions offer offender mechanisms of repression but unfortunately in practice court judgments are very mils. Usually, those are the suspended sentences or minor financial punishments so that the offenders are practically more encouraged than sentenced. In our opinion it is necessary to change the court practice and to introduce severe punishment for this kind of crime.

Basic Rules of the Jugoslav Law Concerning Nationality

1930 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-737
Author(s):  
J. Peritch
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
The World

The State of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, or the State of Jugoslavia, is one of the creations of the World War (1914-1918). It is composed of the former Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, of the Southern Slavic provinces belonging to the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (see the Treaties of Peace of St. Germain of September 10, 1919, and of Trianon of June 4,1920), and of a certain part of the Bulgarian territory (see the Treaty of Neuilly of November 27, 1919). The Jugoslav State was founded by the Pact of Union of December 1, 1918 n.s. (signed at Belgrade, capital of the former state of Serbia, and now capital of Jugoslavia) and was subsequently recognized by the Treaties of Peace (1919-1920) which liquidated the World War, a3 well as by the neutrals.1 It secured its Constitution on June 28, 1921, whereby the State of Jugoslavia was to be a monarchy, in its nature constitutional (with the Karageorgevitch dynasty), parliamentary (of the unicameral type) and hereditary.

Becoming Politicized

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Barkas ◽  
Xenia Chryssochoou
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Political Socialization ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Identity Model ◽  
Beliefs About The Future ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
The Way

Abstract. This research took place just after the end of the protests following the killing of a 16-year-old boy by a policeman in Greece in December 2008. Participants (N = 224) were 16-year-olds in different schools in Attiki. Informed by the Politicized Collective Identity Model ( Simon & Klandermans, 2001 ), a questionnaire measuring grievances, adversarial attributions, emotions, vulnerability, identifications with students and activists, and questions about justice and Greek society in the future, as well as about youngsters’ participation in different actions, was completed. Four profiles of the participants emerged from a cluster analysis using representations of the conflict, emotions, and identifications with activists and students. These profiles differed on beliefs about the future of Greece, participants’ economic vulnerability, and forms of participation. Importantly, the clusters corresponded to students from schools of different socioeconomic areas. The results indicate that the way young people interpret the events and the context, their levels of identification, and the way they represent society are important factors of their political socialization that impacts on their forms of participation. Political socialization seems to be related to youngsters’ position in society which probably constitutes an important anchoring point of their interpretation of the world.

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