Effect of girls’ secondary school stipend on completed schooling, age at marriage, and age at first birth: Evidence from Bangladesh

SummaryData from the 4172 women aged 15–49 interviewed in the 1988 Vietnamese Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine age at marriage, marriage to first birth intervals and age at first birth. Differences between urban and rural areas, northern and southern provinces and by education of the women were analysed.The majority of the women had their first birth before age 20, but women with secondary education had a significantly higher age at first birth than those with little or no education, and women from the north had a significantly higher age at first birth than women from the south. Rural women and those with little or no education married at significantly younger ages than urban women and those with secondary education; these education effects were confirmed in a rural subsample of women. Women from rural areas and from the north had significantly shorter marriage to first birth intervals than urban women and those from the south, but there were no significant effects related to education.

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Age at First Birth in Uttar Pradesh: How Much Has It Actually Changed? Over Inter-NFHS Period?

International Journal of Statistics and Probability ◽

10.5539/ijsp.v11n1p54 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Ajay Pandey ◽

Richa Sharma

Keyword(s):

Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Predictor Variable ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Rank Test ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Survivor Function ◽

Age At Marriage

Culturally, there is always pressure among newly-wed to conceive early and have births in India. Previous studies have documented relationship between age at first birth & fertility, besides the socio-demographic factors that influence age at first birth. The current study aims answering directions and quantum of such relationships using frailty models. The successive rounds of NFHS data (1, 2, 3 & 4) from Uttar Pradesh is used in the study. Fertility in India is characterized as too-early-too-fast. By age-30 majority women would have completed the childbearing. However, the data from NFHS-4 shows some striking changes in the initiation of child bearing in Uttar Pradesh breaking away from the stereotypes of too early too fast characterization. While 44.67 percent of the women aged 30-34 had experienced first birth by age 18 in the year 1992-93 (NFHS-1), the percentages declined during 2015-16 (NFHS-4) to 28.25%. However, by ages 26 majority of women (>95%) aged 30-34 have had experienced first birth. Births at younger age are also a reflection on enforcement of child-marriage restraint act & adherence to legal minimum age at marriage which is 18 for girls & 21 for boys. The data from NFHS-4 have some quality issues. Women aged as low as 5 have shown to have experienced first birth by that age. This may not be possible. The Kaplan Meier survival Graph provided the survival probabilities with respect of each predictor sub groups. The log rank test was used to test the equality of survivor function for each sub group of the predictor variable. The survivor function was significantly different among sub groups of the predictor variables except for the categories of ever use of contraception at NFHS1 and categories of religion across rounds of NFHS data. The Cox Proportional Hazards model was used to study the risk of first birth by socio demographic characteristics. The Frailty model capturing the unobserved heterogeneity in the event time was preferred over standard survival model. For the current study, gamma frailty with Weibull-hazard is used as it fits the data well. Age at marriage and women’s literacy significantly determines the Age at First Birth. The inverse relationship with regard to ever use of contraception needs further analysis. The model also predicts significant frailty with variance parameter (theta) greater than one across the NFHS datasets.

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Conditional Grandmother Effects on Age at Marriage, Age at First Birth, and Completed Fertility of Daughters and Daughters-in-law in Historical Krummhörn

Human Nature ◽

10.1007/s12110-012-9147-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 341-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Johannes Johow ◽

Eckart Voland

Keyword(s):

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Marriage Age ◽

Age At Marriage

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Marital Fertility and the Family in Poland from the Late Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century

Journal of Interdisciplinary History ◽

10.1162/jinh_a_01269 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 279-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Grażyna Liczbińska ◽

Ewa Syska ◽

Renata Koziarska-Kasperczyk ◽

Anna Kledzik

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Marital Fertility ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Age At Marriage ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

First Child ◽

The Family ◽

Late Nineteenth

Research in the obscure domicile files of Poznań’s Municipal Records reveals that in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Poznań, fertility was determined by the interaction of many socioeconomic factors. Mothers’ birth cohort and husbands’ socioeconomic status proved to be the strongest factors significantly influencing women’s age at matrimony, their age at first birth, and their number of children. Women born before 1890 married and started giving birth to the first child later than those born after 1890. The wives of workers and craftsmen started reproduction earlier and had more children than those of white-collar professionals. Religion did not influence women’s age at marriage and age at first birth, but it did influence their number of children.

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Demystifying the Effects of Age at Marriage and Age at First Birth on Completed Family Size in Zambia

10.20944/preprints202006.0081.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nkuye Moyo ◽

Tina Nanyangwe-Moyo ◽

Xiaochun Qiao ◽

Jilei Wu ◽

Xiaoying Zheng

Keyword(s):

Family Size ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Reproductive Period ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Age At Marriage ◽

First Marriage ◽

Age At First Marriage ◽

Completed Family Size

The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45-49 in 2014 of the 1965-1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 ZDHS. We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the effect of mother’s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confident intervals at 95% are reported. Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5 – 6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0 – 18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7 – 19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 0.262; 95% CI:0.126-0.547 and RRR: 0.176; 95% CI:0.068-0.497 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22. Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increased the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman’s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

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Effect of Conflict on Age at Marriage and Age at First Birth in Rwanda

Population Research and Policy Review ◽

10.1007/s11113-008-9116-3 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 551-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Anuja Jayaraman ◽

Tesfayi Gebreselassie ◽

S. Chandrasekhar

Keyword(s):

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Age At Marriage

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Measuring Independent and Controlled Effects of Age at Marriage and Age at First Birth on Completed Family Size among women aged 45-59 in Zambia

10.20944/preprints202006.0081.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nkuye Moyo ◽

Tina Nanyangwe-Moyo ◽

Xiaochun Qiao ◽

Jilei Wu ◽

Xiaoying Zheng

Keyword(s):

Family Size ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Reproductive Period ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Age At Marriage ◽

First Marriage ◽

Age At First Marriage ◽

Completed Family Size

Background The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45-49 in 2014 of the 1965-1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS). Methods We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the relationship between a mother’s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confidence intervals at 95% are reported. Results Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5 – 6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0 – 18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7 – 19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 1.187; 95% CI: 1.138-1.239 and RRR: 0.195; 95% CI: 0.074-0.511 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22 controlling for covariates as presented in the controlled model. The independent effects model shows that the risk of having 1-3 children compared to 6 or more children was lower (RRR: 0.073; 95% CI: 0.009-0.611; RRR: 0.136; 95% CI: 0,046-0.402 and RRR: 0.421; 05% CI: 0.135-1.312) for women whose ages at first marriage were <15, 15-18 and 19-21 respectively relative to 22+. Women with 1-3 children were 2.5 times more likely to use contraception than women with 6 or more children. Conclusion Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increase the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman’s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

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Student Loans, College Attendance and Completion, and Family Formation

10.31235/osf.io/rjcdw ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arielle Kuperberg ◽

Joan Maya Mazelis

Keyword(s):

Student Loans ◽

Family Formation ◽

College Attendance ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

Selection Effects ◽

First Birth ◽

Marriage Rates ◽

Age At Marriage ◽

Birth Data ◽

The Life Course

Student loans are increasingly common among young adults, but implications for family formation patterns and childbearing circumstances have not been fully explored. We analyze the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort dataset to examine the relationships of student loans and college attendance and completion to family formation patterns, specifically marriage, parenthood, age at marriage, and age and marital status at first birth. Data examined were collected between 1997 and 2015, and we examine respondents ranging in age from 17-35 during those years, allowing for the consideration of effects across the life course. We find women who had children at early ages were more likely to take out loans to attend college, but at older ages loans were associated with lower parenthood rates among women. Women with loans had marginally lower marriage rates at older ages, were significantly younger on average when they did have children, and were significantly less likely to be married at first birth, even after accounting for differences in age at first birth and selection effects. Loans were not associated with differences in these trends among men, but education was related to distinct family formation trajectories for both men and women.

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Variations in reproductive events across life: a pooled analysis of data from 505 147 women across 10 countries

Human Reproduction ◽

10.1093/humrep/dez015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 881-893 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Age At Menarche ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Natural Menopause ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Education Levels ◽

Reproductive Events ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Reproductive Indices

Abstract STUDY QUESTION How has the timing of women’s reproductive events (including ages at menarche, first birth, and natural menopause, and the number of children) changed across birth years, racial/ethnic groups and educational levels? SUMMARY ANSWER Women who were born in recent generations (1970–84 vs before 1930) or those who with higher education levels had menarche a year earlier, experienced a higher prevalence of nulliparity and had their first child at a later age. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The timing of key reproductive events, such as menarche and menopause, is not only indicative of current health status but is linked to the risk of adverse hormone-related health outcomes in later life. Variations of reproductive indices across different birth years, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic positions have not been described comprehensively. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Individual-level data from 23 observational studies that contributed to the International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events (InterLACE) consortium were included. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Altogether 505 147 women were included. Overall estimates for reproductive indices were obtained using a two-stage process: individual-level data from each study were analysed separately using generalised linear models. These estimates were then combined using random-effects meta-analyses. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Mean ages were 12.9 years at menarche, 25.7 years at first birth, and 50.5 years at natural menopause, with significant between-study heterogeneity (I2 > 99%). A linear trend was observed across birth year for mean age at menarche, with women born from 1970 to 1984 having menarche one year earlier (12.6 years) than women born before 1930 (13.5 years) (P for trend = 0.0014). The prevalence of nulliparity rose progressively from 14% of women born from 1940–49 to 22% of women born 1970–84 (P = 0.003); similarly, the mean age at first birth rose from 24.8 to 27.3 years (P = 0.0016). Women with higher education levels had fewer children, later first birth, and later menopause than women with lower education levels. After adjusting for birth year and education level, substantial variation was present for all reproductive events across racial/ethnic/regional groups (all P values < 0.005). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Variations of study design, data collection methods, and sample selection across studies, as well as retrospectively reported age at menarche, age at first birth may cause some bias. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This global consortium study found robust evidence on variations in reproductive indices for women born in the 20th century that appear to have both biological and social origins. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) InterLACE project is funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council project grant (APP1027196). GDM is supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship (APP1121844).

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