scholarly journals ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ADVANCES IN THE CULTIVATION OF TUBER SPP.

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Alessandra Zambonelli ◽  
Pamela Leonardi ◽  
Mirco Iotti ◽  
Ian Hall
Keyword(s):  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Fruiting Body Formation ◽  
Important Advance ◽  
Body Formation ◽  
Truffle Cultivation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tuber Species ◽  
Tuber Spp

Recent advances on the ecology and genetics of true truffles (Tuber spp.) are reported and their impact on truffle cultivation is discussed. New insights have been gained on truffle soil ecology and interrelationships of truffles with associated microorganisms in the soil. For instance, some bacteria seem to play a key role in truffle fruiting body formation and maturation. However, the most important advance in truffle genetics over the past 20 years has been the sequencing of the Tuber melanosporum genome and the discovery that truffles, like other Pezizalean fungi, are heterothallic. This finding has had a significant impact on research on truffles and many studies have been devoted to better understanding the distribution of the mating types in soil in natural and cultivated truffières. The characterization of the mating type idiomorphs of several Tuber species has led to the possibility of selecting mycelial strains for truffle cultivation in particular sites.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Mating Type Distribution of Tuber melanosporum and Their Significance to Truffle Cultivation in Artificially Planted Truffiéres in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (18) ◽  
pp. 6534-6539 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Linde ◽  
H. Selmes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Truffle Cultivation ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Tuber Brumale ◽  
Source Populations

ABSTRACTTuber melanosporumis a truffle native to Europe and is cultivated in countries such as Australia for the gastronomic market, where production yields are often lower than expected. We assessed the genetic diversity ofT. melanosporumwith six microsatellite loci to assess the effect of genetic drift on truffle yield in Australia. Genetic diversity as assessed on 210 ascocarps revealed a higher allelic diversity compared to previous studies from Europe, suggesting a possible genetic expansion and/or multiple and diverse source populations for inoculum. The results also suggest that the single sequence repeat diversity of locus ME2 is adaptive and that, for example, the probability of replication errors is increased for this locus. Loss of genetic diversity in Australian populations is therefore not a likely factor in limiting ascocarp production. A survey of nursery seedlings and trees inoculated withT. melanosporumrevealed that <70% of seedlings and host trees were colonized withT. melanosporumand that some trees had been contaminated byTuber brumale, presumably during the inoculation process. Mating type (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1) analyses on seedling and four- to ten-year-old host trees found that 100% of seedlings but only approximately half of host trees had both mating types present. Furthermore, MAT1-1-1 was detected significantly more commonly than MAT1-2-1 in established trees, suggesting a competitive advantage for MAT1-1-1 strains. This study clearly shows that there are more factors involved in ascocarp production than just the presence of both mating types on host trees.

Typing Tuber ectomycorrhizae by polymerase chain amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA and the sequence characterized amplified region markers

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 723-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Gandeboeuf ◽  
Chantal Dupré ◽  
Gérard Chevalier ◽  
Paul Nicolas ◽  
Patricia Roeckel-Drevet
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Its Sequence Analysis ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Tuber Species

Identification of some economically important Tuber species using classical morphological characteristics is sometimes difficult. We report here the molecular characterization of a species coming from China, Tuber indicum, mistaken with Tuber melanosporum species. Using restriction analysis of the amplified internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA, ITS sequence analysis, and sequence characterized amplified region markers, with DNA from fruit bodies or mycorrhizae, genetic variation was found between these two species, allowing to differentiate and characterize them.Key words: molecular identification, Tuber, internal transcribed spacer, sequence characterized amplified region.

scholarly journals Cyclic dominance emerges from the evolution of two inter-linked cooperative behaviours in the social amoeba

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Shibasaki ◽  
Masakazu Shimada
Keyword(s):  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Fruiting Body Formation ◽  
Social Amoeba ◽  
Body Formation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multiple Games

AbstractEvolution of cooperation has been one of the most important problems in sociobiology, and many researchers have revealed mechanisms that can facilitate the evolution of cooperation. However, most studies deal only with one cooperative behaviour, even though some organisms perform two or more cooperative behaviours. The social amoebaDictyostelium discoideumperforms two cooperative behaviours in starvation: fruiting body formation and macrocyst formation. Here, we constructed a model that couples these two behaviours, and we found that the two behaviours are maintained due to the emergence of cyclic dominance, although cooperation cannot evolve if only either of the two behaviours is performed. The common chemoattractant cyclic AMP is used in both fruiting body formation and macrocyst formation, providing a biological context for this coupling. Cyclic dominance emerges regardless of the existence of mating types or spatial structure in the model. In addition, cooperation can re-emerge in the population even after it goes extinct. These results indicate that the two cooperative behaviours of the social amoeba are maintained due to the common chemical signal that underlies both fruiting body formation and macrocyst formation. We demonstrate the importance of coupling multiple games when the underlying behaviours are associated with one another.

scholarly journals Cyclic dominance emerges from the evolution of two inter-linked cooperative behaviours in the social amoeba

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1881) ◽  
pp. 20180905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Shibasaki ◽  
Masakazu Shimada
Keyword(s):  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Fruiting Body Formation ◽  
Social Amoeba ◽  
Body Formation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multiple Games

Evolution of cooperation has been one of the most important problems in sociobiology, and many researchers have revealed mechanisms that can facilitate the evolution of cooperation. However, most studies deal only with one cooperative behaviour, even though some organisms perform two or more cooperative behaviours. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum performs two cooperative behaviours in starvation: fruiting body formation and macrocyst formation. Here, we constructed a model that couples these two behaviours, and we found that the two behaviours are maintained because of the emergence of cyclic dominance, although cooperation cannot evolve if only either of the two behaviours is performed. The common chemoattractant cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) is used in both fruiting body formation and macrocyst formation, providing a biological context for this coupling. Cyclic dominance emerges regardless of the existence of mating types or spatial structure in the model. In addition, cooperation can re-emerge in the population even after it goes extinct. These results indicate that the two cooperative behaviours of the social amoeba are maintained because of the common chemical signal that underlies both fruiting body formation and macrocyst formation. We demonstrate the importance of coupling multiple games when the underlying behaviours are associated with one another.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

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