Comparison of Different Extraction Solvents for Characterization of Antioxidant Potential and Polyphenolic Composition in Boletus edulis and Cantharellus cibarius Mushrooms from Romania

Edible mushrooms are well-known for their nutritional benefits and low energy density. In addition, mushroom extracts contain various bioactive compounds that account for their antioxidant activity; the applied extraction conditions influence the extraction efficiency of such compounds. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of four extractants on the content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties of Boletus edulis and Cantharellus cibarius mushrooms, aiming to optimize the extraction process. Powders of B. edulis and C. cibarius mushrooms were subjected to extraction with acidic water (10% CH3COOH), ethanol/water/acetic acid (15:76.5:8.5, v/v/v), hexane, and diethyl ether to measure their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Furthermore, the level of individual polyphenolic compounds in these extracts was quantified using an HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method. Results showed that the type of solvent significantly influenced the TPC and TEAC of mushroom powder but insignificantly influenced the TFC. A very strong positive correlation was found between TPC and TEAC, but no correlation was found between TFC and TEAC or TPC and TFC. Acidic water extracted the highest amount of polyphenolic compounds from these mushroom powders. Therefore, the aqueous extract showed the highest TPC and strongest antioxidant activity. Thus, acidic water is recommended for polyphenol analysis in B. edulis and C. cibarius mushrooms.

Cadmium and Lead Content in Selected Fungi from Poland and Their Edible Safety Assessment

Mushrooms are able to accumulate toxic trace elements. This study investigates the content of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in selected species of fungi (Boletus badius, Boletus edulis, and Cantharellus cibarius) from the northeastern part of Poland and estimates their edible safety. The amount of Cd and Pb was determined by flameless atomic spectrometry using the iCE 3000 Series-Thermo. The mean content of Cd in analyzed mushrooms ranged from 0.370 to 2.151 mg/kg d.w., while Pb was found at the level of 0.243–0.424 mg/kg d.w. Boletus edulis was characterized by the highest content of Cd, whereas Cantharellus cibarius contained the biggest amount of Pb. Estimated exposure to the Cd intake expressed as percentage share in TWI (Tolerable Weekly Intake) was at the highest level in Boletus edulis (30.87%), which could be associated with the risk of excessive Cd accumulation in the body.

The potential of the application of Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius and Craterellus cornucopioides in frankfurters: a review

Today, there is increasing demand for the meat industry to produce sausages with partial or complete replacement of commercial antioxidants by natural ones, with minimal or no impact on the quality characteristics. One of the natural additives that are recognized as highly nutritious and rich in antioxidants is mushroom. The three most commonly consumed mushrooms in Serbia are Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, and Craterellus cornucopioides. This review provides information on the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of these three mushrooms in vitro, and the feasibility of their application in frankfurters. The benefits, limits, and accomplished effects of the addition of mushrooms on lipid peroxidation reduction, microbial inactivation, colour, texture, and sensorial traits are presented with regard to their implementation on the industrial level.

210Po and 210Pb in King Bolete (Boletus edulis) and Related Mushroom Species: Estimated Effective Radiation Dose and Geospatial Distribution in Central and Eastern Europe

210Po and 210Pb occur naturally and are the most radiotoxic isotopes of the uranium (U) decay chain. Samples of Boletus edulis and related mushroom species, including B. pinophilus, B. reticulatus, B. luridus and B. impolitus, collected from Poland and Belarus were investigated for the activity concentrations of these isotopes and also for their potential health risk through adult human consumption. The results showed that spatially, the occurrence of 210Po and 210Po was heterogeneous, with activities varying from 0.91 to 4.47 Bq∙kg−1 dry biomass and from 0.82 to 5.82 Bq∙kg−1 db, respectively. Caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies showed similar levels of contamination. Consumption of boletes foraged in Poland could result in exposure to a combined radiation dose of 10 µSv∙kg−1 db from both isotopes. This dose is not significant compared to the total annual effective radiation dose of 210Po and 210Pb (54–471 µSv∙kg−1) from all sources, suggesting that these mushrooms are comparatively safe for human consumption.

New records on edible mushrooms collected from Guba district

The study presents first information on edible mushrooms of Guba district. Specimens were collected in 2017-19 in forest ecosystem. As a result of the study, 17 species (Amanita rubescens, Boletus edulis, B. reticulatus, Cerioporus squamosus, Clitocybe odora, Clitopilus prunulus, Coprinellus micaceus, Hortiboletus rubellus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Leccinellum pseudoscabrum, Legaliana badia, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota mastoidea, M. procera, Russula risigallina, R. turci, Xerocomellus chrysenteron) of edible mushrooms belonging to 14 genera were identified. Legaliana badia is a new record for Azerbaijan mycobiota. All other mushroom species are new records for the study area. GPS coordinates and ecological groups of mushrooms were identified. Keywords: Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, diversity, ecological groups, food quality, species

Total mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) in braised and crude Boletus edulis carpophores during various developmental stages

We collected and processed Boletus edulis (King Bolete) carpophores grouped in four batches based on their developmental stage (button stage, young—white, large—white, and large—yellow). The study aimed, for the first time, to examine the B. edulis content and effect of braising and to estimate the intake of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) from a single meal based on whole (wet) weight (ww) and dry weight (dw). In braised carpophores, THg concentrations ranged from 0.2668 ± 0.0090 to 0.5434 ± 0.0071 mg kg−1 ww at different developmental stages, whereas crude products concentrations ranged from 0.1880 ± 0.0247 to 0.2929 ± 0.0030 mg kg−1 ww. The button stage crude carpophores were more highly contaminated with THg than at later stages of maturity, but MeHg levels were lower (p < 0.0001). On the other hand, braised button stage carpophores showed more MeHg than at later maturity stages. MeHg contributed at 1.9 ± 0.7% in THg in crude mushrooms and at 1.4 ± 0.3% in braised meals. The effect of braising was to increase the average THg and MeHg contents in fresh mushroom meals by 52 ± 31% and 53 ± 122% respectively, but a reduction of 40 ±14% and 40 ± 49% respectively was seen on a dw basis. The potential intakes of THg and MeHg from braised meals of B. edulis studied were small and considered safe. Graphical abstract

Etnobotanička primjena biljaka i samoniklih gljiva u narodnoj medicini i ljudskoj prehrani Općine Vitez (Bosna i Hercegovina)

Na širem području zapadnog Balkana ljudi su često tijekom povijesti gladovali, iako ih je okruživala vrlo bogata jestiva samonikla flora. U ovom radu dokumentirana je upotreba samoniklog bilja i gljiva na području Općine Vitez, kao i podaci o specifičnim lokalnim nazivima biljaka, njihovoj upotrebi, tradicijskim običajima i nematerijalnoj baštini vezanim uz samoniklo bilje i gljive. Dubinskim polustrukturiranim intervjuima zabilježeno je 66 biljnih vrsta (koje su raspoređene unutar 39 biljnih porodica) i 9 vrsta gljiva (unutar šest porodica). Prema rezultatima istraživanja najveći broj biljaka se koristi kao ljekovito bilje (53 vrste) i kao hrana za ljude (34 vrste). Vrste s najvećom frekvencijom jesu: Rubus idaeus, Urtica dioca, Vaccinium myrtillus, Sambucus nigra, Taraxacum officinale, Corylus avellana itd. Ovim istraživanjem zabilježene su zanimljive upotrebe: svježa salata od vrste Stellaria media (mišjakinja), čaj od cvjetova Hedera helix (bršljan) za liječenje gnojnih krajnika i fistula te ljekovita mast protiv ozeblina od Loranthus europaeus (žuta imela). Kao najčešće konzumirane samonikle gljive zabilježene su: Boletus edulis (ljetni / pravi vrganj), Lactarius sanguifluus (krvava mliječnica) i Cantharellus cibarius (lisičarka). Zaključno, tradicionalna upotreba samoniklog bilja još uvijek je dosta zastupljena u svakodnevnom životu stanovnika istraživanog područja te se i dalje prenosi usmenim putem s generacije na generaciju.