scholarly journals Financiamiento de las Mipymes en México y su impacto en su esperanza de vida

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Artemio JIMÉNEZ-RICO ◽  
Karina GALVÁN-ZAVALA ◽  
Ramón NAVARRETE-REYNOSO
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
High Interest ◽  
The Impact

MSMEs are of vital importance to the Mexican economy, these comprise more than 99% of the total of Mexican companies, are the main generators of employment with more than 70% and generate 52% of the national GDP. Unfortunately, the lack of financing is one of the most important problems that origin a high business mortality, for example, 65% of micro and small businesses die before their fifth birthday and the average life expectancy is only 7.8 years. The objective of this research is to determine the impact of financing on the life expectancy of MSMEs in Mexico. Some results infer that the main source of financing of these businesses is not the financial institutions, on the contrary, they are the resources that their owners invest and the main impediment to not accessing external financing is the high interest rates. This study contributes to providing a broader perspective on the current conditions of MSMEs in order to improve public policies of access the financing for MSMEs to increase their competitiveness and permanence.

scholarly journals Inclusión financiera: Factor clave en la esperanza de vida de las Mipymes en países de Latinoamérica

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Artemio JIMÉNEZ-RICO ◽  
Perla Cristina LAGUNA-CÓRDOBA ◽  
Héctor Fabián GUTIÉRREZ-RANGEL
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
The Impact

MSMEs are of vital importance in the economic and social development of the nations of Latin America, comprise 99% of the formal Latin American companies, are the main generators of employment with 61% and contribute with 25% of the GDP of that region. Unfortunately, the average life expectancy is less than 10 years because these businesses face various problems, highlighting access to financing. The objective of this research is to determine the impact of financial inclusion on the life expectancy of MSMEs in Mexico, Colombia and Chile. An exhaustive analysis of both variables is carried out with data from reports, surveys and specialized studies. Some results indicate that the main source of financing for these companies is not the financial institutions, on the contrary, they are the resources that their owners invest and the main obstacle to not accessing external financing is the high interest rates. This research contributes to show the current conditions of MSMEs in order to design public policies that strengthen financial inclusion to improve their permanence and competitiveness in the market.

scholarly journals Multi-State Analysis of the Impact of Childhood Starvation on the Healthy Life Expectancy of the Elderly in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiling Dong ◽  
Chunjing Du ◽  
Bingyi Wu ◽  
Qunhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background: Child malnutrition is not only common in developing countries but also an important issue faced by developed countries. This study aimed to explore the influence and degree of childhood starvation on the health of the elderly, which provides a reference for formulating health-related policies under the concept of full lifecycle health.Methods: Based on the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2008, 2011, and 2014, this study took a total of 13,185 elderly people aged 65–99 years as the target population. By IMaCH software, with gender and income level as the control variables, the average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the elderly were measured. The x2test was used to explore the differences in the socioeconomic status of elderly people with or without starvation in childhood. Statistical differences between average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were analyzed by rank tests.Results: (1) The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in age, gender, residency, education level, and income level between the groups with or without starvation (P < 0.05). (2) Transition probabilities in health–disability, health–death, and disability–death all showed an upward trend with age (P < 0.05), where the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were higher than those without such an experience (P < 0.05). However, the probability of disability–health recovery showed a downward trend with age (P < 0.05), in which the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were lower than those without starvation (P < 0.05). (3) For the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood, the health indicators of the average life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy proportion accounted for the remaining life were lower than those of the elderly without childhood starvation (P < 0.05).Conclusions: The average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the elderly with childhood starvation are lower than those without childhood starvation. It shows that the negative impact of childhood starvation on health through the life course till old age has a persistent negative cumulative effect on the quantity and quality of life. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the nutritional status of children in poor families from the perspective of social policymaking.

Can the surgeon live his whole life? Analysis of the risk of death related to the profession

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kryspin Mitura ◽  
Sławomir Kozieł ◽  
Klaudiusz Komor
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
University Education ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Average Lifespan ◽  
The Impact

More than half of physicians in Poland are over 50 years old. This raises concerns about the risk of lack of continuity of health care services due to the generational gap, particularly marked among interventional specialties. The physical and mental burden of general surgery affects those doctors in particular. The aim of the study is to assess whether the type of the profession pursued influences the average lifetime of a physician in Poland and the impact of the surgeon’s occupation on life expectancy compared to the rest of the population according to gender. Demographic data was obtained from official publications of the Central Statistical Office. Data on 189,459 physicians in Poland were obtained from the Central Register of Doctors. A total of 6,496 physicians and dentists deaths in the period from January 1st, 2010 to June 30th, 2014, including 722 surgeons, were analyzed. In general, both male physicians and dentists died at an older age than the mean population (74.9 years and 74.7 years vs. 68.9 years; p <0.05). Among women, only dentists lived longer (78.5 years) p <0.05), while women physicians died at a younger age than the average in the general population (76.4 vs. 77.2 years; p <0.05). The average lifetime of both male and female surgeons was 74.2 and 77.5 years, respectively. The average life expectancy of people aged 25 years with college/university education is 80.3 years for men and 86.6 years for women. Male surgeons live significantly longer than the average life expectancy in the general population of men. The average length of life of women surgeons is significantly lower than the average lifespan of women in the general population. The actual lifetime of surgeons in Poland is significantly lower than the expected average life expectancy for other people aged 25 with tertiary education. The average lifespan of surgeons in Poland does not differ significantly from the average life expectancy of other Polish physicians.

scholarly journals Multi-State Analysis of the Impact of Childhood Starvation on the Healthy Life Expectancy of the Elderly in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiling Dong ◽  
Bingyi Wu ◽  
Qunhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Child malnutrition is not only common in developing countries, but also an important issue faced by developed countries. This study aimed to explore the influence and degree of childhood starvation on the health of the elderly, which providing a reference for formulating health-related policies under the concept of full-life cycle health. Methods: Based on Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2008, 2011 and 2014, this paper took a total of 13,185 elderly people aged 65-99 years as the target population. By IMaCH software, with age, gender, and income level as the control variables, and the average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the elderly was measured. The test was used to explore the differences in socio-economic status of elderly people with or without starvation in childhood. The paired t test was used to analyze the difference both average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Results: (1) Transition probabilities in health-disability, health-death, and disability-death all showed an upward trend with age(P<0.05), where the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were higher than those without such an experience(P<0.05). However, the probability of disability-health recovery showed a downward trend with age(P<0.05), whereas the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were lower than those without starvation(P<0.05).(2) For the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood, the health indicators of the average life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy proportion accounted for the remaining life were lower than those of the elderly without childhood starvation (P<0.05).Conclusions: The negative impact of childhood starvation on health through the life course till old age, has a persistent negative cumulative effect on the quantity and quality of life for the elderly. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the nutritional status of children in poor families from the perspective of social policy-making.

scholarly journals Multi-State Analysis of the Impact of Childhood Starvation on the Healthy Life Expectancy of the Elderly in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiling Dong ◽  
Bingyi Wu ◽  
Qunhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Child malnutrition is not only common in developing countries, but also an important issue faced by developed countries. This study aimed to explore the influence and degree of childhood starvation on the health of the elderly, which providing a reference for formulating health-related policies under the concept of full-life cycle health. Methods Based on Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2008, 2011 and 2014, this paper took a total of 13,185 elderly people aged 65–99 years as the target population. By IMaCH software, with gender and income level as the control variables, and the average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the elderly was measured. The\({x}^{2}\)test was used to explore the differences in socio-economic status of elderly people with or without starvation in childhood. The paired t test was used to analyze the difference both average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Results (1) The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in age, gender, residency, education level, and income level between the groups with or without starvation (P < 0.05).(2)Transition probabilities in health-disability, health-death, and disability-death all showed an upward trend with age(P < 0.05), where the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were higher than those without such an experience(P < 0.05). However, the probability of disability-health recovery showed a downward trend with age(P < 0.05), whereas the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were lower than those without starvation(P < 0.05). (3) For the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood, the health indicators of the average life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy proportion accounted for the remaining life were lower than those of the elderly without childhood starvation (P < 0.05). Conclusions The average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the elderly with childhood starvation both are lower than those without childhood starvation. It shows that the negative impact of childhood starvation on health through the life course till old age, has a persistent negative cumulative effect on the quantity and quality of life. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the nutritional status of children in poor families from the perspective of social policy-making.

DIFFICULTIES FACED BY SMEs IN OBTAINING FINANCING FROM FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

1994 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 955-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN TEO ◽  
SERENE CHEONG
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
High Interest ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Set Up

Small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) have long been recognised as one of the cornerstones of a country’s development. It is, thus, important to understand what contributes to their success as well as the difficulties they face. Surveys have shown that the lack of available financing from financial institutions is one of the biggest problems facing small businesses today. In this paper, we try to identify the aspects of obtaining financing that SMEs have most problems with as well as to determine which firm-specific factors (such as type of set-up, size of operation, years in operation and type of industry) contribute to the firms’ ability to borrow. The results of our survey indicate that the main reasons firms do not apply for financing from financial institutions are that they are unable or unwilling to provide information required; that they have other sources of funds available; and the high interest rates charged by the financial institutions. For the firms that applied, the main difficulties faced were the lack of collateral, the lack of proven track records, the lack of proper business plans and the need to show good sales turnover. Actions that may be taken by the SMEs, the financial institutions, the Singapore government and tertiary institutions are also discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Life Expectancy of Population of the Country: The Role of Health Services Effectiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Babenko ◽  
M. Nehrey ◽  
E. Gaponova ◽  
N. Ryzhikova ◽  
E. Zaporozhets
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Services Effectiveness ◽  
The Impact

The impact of health care on life expectancy of population in different countries has been studied. The subject of the study was analysis of efficiency of public health expenditures and their percentage of Gross Domestic Product. The authors employed a relatively new method of comparative analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which involves to measure technical efficiency of activity of an economic entity. DEA method allowed identifying the effectiveness of economic measures in healthcare system, as well as provision of the necessary volume of medical services in different countries. A study was conducted to compare the actual effectiveness of the country's medical services to the maximum possible effectiveness. As factor indicators, the summary of health expenditure and its percentage of GDP were considered. The average life expectancy of countries was taken as an average resulting indicator. According to the results, all the surveyed indicators proved to be the most effective measures in providing population with medical services in such countries as Andorra and San Marino, Monaco. It was determined that in order to increase the average life expectancy for one year, an average annual increase in the expenditure on the health care system by 0.48% of GDP is required.

scholarly journals Multi-State Analysis of the Impact of Childhood Starvation on the Healthy Life Expectancy of the Elderly in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
huiling Dong ◽  
Bingyi Wu ◽  
Qunhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Child malnutrition is not only common in developing countries, but also an important issue faced by developed countries. This study aimed to explore the influence and degree of childhood starvation on the health of the elderly, which providing a reference for formulating health-related policies under the concept of full-life cycle health. Methods: Based on Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2008, 2011 and 2014, this paper took a total of 13,185 elderly people aged 65-99 years as the target population. By IMaCH software, with age, gender, and income level as the control variables, and the average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the elderly was measured. The test was used to explore the differences in socio-economic status of elderly people with or without starvation in childhood. The paired t test was used to analyze the difference both average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Results: (1) Transition probabilities in health-disability, health-death, and disability-death all showed an upward trend with age(P<0.05), where the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were higher than those without such an experience(P<0.05). However, the probability of disability-health recovery showed a downward trend with age(P<0.05), whereas the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were lower than those without starvation(P<0.05).(2) For the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood, the health indicators of the average life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy proportion accounted for the remaining life were lower than those of the elderly without childhood starvation (P<0.05). Conclusions: The negative impact of childhood starvation on health through the life course till old age, has a persistent negative cumulative effect on the quantity and quality of life for the elderly. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the nutritional status of children in poor families from the perspective of social policy-making.

scholarly journals Why COVID-19 is not so spread in Africa: How does Ivermectin affect it?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisaya Tanioka ◽  
Sayaka Tanioka ◽  
Kimitaka Kaga
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
Welch Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background: Scientists have so far been unable to determine the reason for the low number of COVID-19 cases in Africa. Objective: To evaluate the impact of ivermectin interventions for onchocerciasis on the morbidity, mortality, recovery, and fatality rates caused by COVID-19. Method: A retrospective statistical analysis study of the impact of ivermectin against COVID-19 between the 31 onchocerciasis-endemic countries using the community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) and the non-endemic 22 countries in Africa. The morbidity, mortality, recovery rate, and fatality rate caused by COVID-19 were calculated from the WHO situation report in Africa. We investigated the onchocerciasis endemic 31 countries and the non-endemic 22 countries. Statistical comparisons used by the Welch test of them in the two groups were made. Results: The morbidity and mortality were statistically significantly less in the 31 countries using CDTI. The recovery and fatality rates were not statistically significant difference. The average life expectancy was statistically significantly higher in the non-endemic countries. Conclusions: The morbidity and mortality in the onchocerciasis endemic countries are lesser than those in the non-endemic ones. The community-directed onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin is the most reasonable explanation for the decrease in morbidity and fatality rate in Africa. In areas where ivermectin is distributed to and used by the entire population, it leads to a significant reduction in mortality.

scholarly journals A precise measure of the impact of the first wave of Covid-19 on life expectancy. Regional differentials in Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Precise Measure ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Situation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBased on publicly available data supplied by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), we calculated life tables by sex and by week for seven major regions of Switzerland in 2020, up to October 26th. These life tables provide information on the trends of life expectancy at birth and at the age of 65 years during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.The results show a strong cyclical decrease in life expectancy, particularly in Ticino, where this variable has decreased by almost 6 years compared to the 2019 life expectancy, and in the Lake Geneva region. The other regions of Switzerland observed more modest decreases during the first wave, generally not exceeding a 2-year reduction. This decrease can be explained to some extent by seasonal variations in this indicator.In conclusion, the very sharp decrease in the average lifespan observed in the two regions mentioned above suggests that the first wave of the epidemic had a significant impact. It also reflects an unfavourable health situation. The life expectancy at the age of 65 years observed at the end of March 2020 in Ticino corresponded to the average life expectancy observed in Switzerland forty years ago.The calculated indicators have the advantage of accounting for the age structures of the respective populations. They therefore demonstrate their usefulness in monitoring during a pandemic, such as the one occurring currently.

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