scholarly journals PERANCANGAN PEMANAS AIR OHMIK SEDERHANA BERBAHAN DASAR SENDOK MAKAN LOGAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Hazairin Nikmatul Lukma
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Ohm’S Law ◽  
Current Limiting ◽  
Heating Water ◽  
Further Development

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil pemanfaatan sendok makan logam yang digunakan sebagai pemanas air menggunakan prinsip Ohmik, yang didesain sedemikian rupa sehingga sendok makan dapat berfungsi sebagai elektroda. Ketika dua buah sendok makan dengan jarak tertentu yang dapat diatur jaraknya dialiri arus, maka akan dihasilkan kalor yang mampu meningkatkan suhu air dalam suatu wadah yang terbuat dari isolator, sebagaimana prinsip Hukum Ohm. Jarak kedua sendok dapat diatur, dimana semakin dekat jarak antara dua sendok, makin cepat proses pemanasan air. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Teknik Universitas Islam Balitar pada bulan April hingga Juni tahun 2017. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar antara kedua sendok, makin lama proses pemanasan, namun daya yang diperlukan lebih rendah. Sedangkan ketika jarak antara kedua sendok dibuat lebih dekat, proses pemanasan berjalan lebih cepat, akan tetapi daya listrik yang diperlukan juga semakin besar. Nilai efisiensi energi listrik dari pemanas air ohmik diperoleh sebesar 90%. Nilai efsiensi ini tidak terlalu tinggi dikarenakan selama proses pemanasan, daya listrik yang dibutuhkan terus meningkat. Untuk pengembangan selanjutnya, desain alat pemanas air ini dapat ditambah komponen pembatas arus, sehingga daya listrik yang digunakan dapat terkontrol.This research aims to determine the results of the use of metal tablespoons used as a water heater using Ohmik principle, which is designed in such a way that the tablespoons can function as an electrode. When two tablespoon with a certain distance can be adjusted the distance flow, the heat will be produced that can increase the temperature of water in a container made of insulators, as the principle of Ohm's Law. Spacing of two spoons can be adjusted, where the closer the distance between two spoons, the faster the process of heating water. The research was conducted at the Technical Laboratory of Islamic University of Balitar in April to June 2017. The result of data analysis showed that the bigger between the two spoons, the longer the heating process, but the required power is lower. Meanwhile, when the distance between the two spoons is made closer, the heating process runs faster, but the power required is also greater. The value of the electrical energy efficiency of the ohmic water heater is 90%. The value of this efficiency is not too high because during the heating process, the electrical power required continues to increase. For further development, the design of this water heater can be added current limiting components, so that the electrical power used can be controlled.

scholarly journals PERANCANGAN PEMANAS AIR OHMIK SEDERHANA BERBAHAN DASAR SENDOK MAKAN LOGAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Hazairin Nikmatul Lukma
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Ohm’S Law ◽  
Current Limiting ◽  
Heating Water ◽  
Further Development

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil pemanfaatan sendok makan logam yang digunakan sebagai pemanas air menggunakan prinsip Ohmik, yang didesain sedemikian rupa sehingga sendok makan dapat berfungsi sebagai elektroda. Ketika dua buah sendok makan dengan jarak tertentu yang dapat diatur jaraknya dialiri arus, maka akan dihasilkan kalor yang mampu meningkatkan suhu air dalam suatu wadah yang terbuat dari isolator, sebagaimana prinsip Hukum Ohm. Jarak kedua sendok dapat diatur, dimana semakin dekat jarak antara dua sendok, makin cepat proses pemanasan air. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Teknik Universitas Islam Balitar pada bulan April hingga Juni tahun 2017. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar antara kedua sendok, makin lama proses pemanasan, namun daya yang diperlukan lebih rendah. Sedangkan ketika jarak antara kedua sendok dibuat lebih dekat, proses pemanasan berjalan lebih cepat, akan tetapi daya listrik yang diperlukan juga semakin besar. Nilai efisiensi energi listrik dari pemanas air ohmik diperoleh sebesar 90%. Nilai efsiensi ini tidak terlalu tinggi dikarenakan selama proses pemanasan, daya listrik yang dibutuhkan terus meningkat. Untuk pengembangan selanjutnya, desain alat pemanas air ini dapat ditambah komponen pembatas arus, sehingga daya listrik yang digunakan dapat terkontrol.This research aims to determine the results of the use of metal tablespoons used as a water heater using Ohmik principle, which is designed in such a way that the tablespoons can function as an electrode. When two tablespoon with a certain distance can be adjusted the distance flow, the heat will be produced that can increase the temperature of water in a container made of insulators, as the principle of Ohm's Law. Spacing of two spoons can be adjusted, where the closer the distance between two spoons, the faster the process of heating water. The research was conducted at the Technical Laboratory of Islamic University of Balitar in April to June 2017. The result of data analysis showed that the bigger between the two spoons, the longer the heating process, but the required power is lower. Meanwhile, when the distance between the two spoons is made closer, the heating process runs faster, but the power required is also greater. The value of the electrical energy efficiency of the ohmic water heater is 90%. The value of this efficiency is not too high because during the heating process, the electrical power required continues to increase. For further development, the design of this water heater can be added current limiting components, so that the electrical power used can be controlled.

Water Temperature Control Using PID Control System Based on LabVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Ari Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Digital Thermometer ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract - Automatic system have grown widespread across all sector so do water heater. Traditionally, heating water is done by utilizing fire as heat source. As the growing of technology, the heating process could be done by manipulating electrical energy by convert it to heat. Electrical energy is flown to a metal rod that contact directly with the water which increase the water temperature. On some case, appropiate water temperature is needed. Altough, a thermometer is needed to read the actual temperature as a feedback value for the system and a system that can control the electricity current flow through the heater that the heat produced is linear to the current flow. With implementing microcontroller as a process node for generating PWM signal, this problem can be solved. Also, Labview is needed as an interface for monitoring and bursting an output which have been processed by Proportional, Integral, and Devivative (PID) controller to producing accurate and stable heat. Based on the results of testing, the system is able to provide a rapid response to any changes that occur, both changes in set-point and changes in water temperature (actual value). Another test is done by comparing the temperature value detected by the temperature sensor in this device with an external digital thermometer placed in the same place, and from some of the tests the temperature value detected by the temperature sensor in this device has a difference of ± 0.19 ℃ with a digital thermometer. Keyword : Water Heater, Thermometer, Microcontroller, LabView, PID.

Harvesting Natural Salinity Gradient Energy for Hydrogen Production Through Reverse Electrodialysis Power Generation

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Nazemi ◽  
Jiankai Zhang ◽  
Marta C. Hatzell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Density ◽  
External Load ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Ionic Current ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Reverse Electrodialysis

There is an enormous potential for energy generation from the mixing of sea and river water at global estuaries. Here, we model a novel approach to convert this source of energy directly into hydrogen and electricity using reverse electrodialysis (RED). RED relies on converting ionic current to electric current using multiple membranes and redox-based electrodes. A thermodynamic model for RED is created to evaluate the electricity and hydrogen which can be extracted from natural mixing processes. With equal volume of high and low concentration solutions (1 L), the maximum energy extracted per volume of solution mixed occurred when the number of membranes is reduced, with the lowest number tested here being five membrane pairs. At this operating point, 0.32 kWh/m3 is extracted as electrical energy and 0.95 kWh/m3 as hydrogen energy. This corresponded to an electrical energy conversion efficiency of 15%, a hydrogen energy efficiency of 35%, and therefore, a total mixing energy efficiency of nearly 50%. As the number of membrane pairs increases from 5 to 20, the hydrogen power density decreases from 13.6 W/m2 to 2.4 W/m2 at optimum external load. In contrast, the electrical power density increases from 0.84 W/m2 to 2.2 W/m2. Optimum operation of RED depends significantly on the external load (external device). A small load will increase hydrogen energy while decreasing electrical energy. This trade-off is critical in order to optimally operate an RED cell for both hydrogen and electricity generation.

Waste Heat Recovery From Generators in the Deployed Army

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Tamm ◽  
J. Ledlie Klosky ◽  
Jacob Baxter ◽  
Luke Grant ◽  
Isaac Melnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Heat ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Fuel Savings

Electrical power generation in austere settings, such as combat zones, places a heavy burden on the US Army; high costs in both dollars and lives lost require that every drop of fuel be used effectively and efficiently. In remote locations such as combat outposts (COPs) and small forward operating bases (FOBs) in Afghanistan, electrical power derived from the Army’s standard Advanced Medium Mobile Power Sources (AMMPS) generator is even used to heat water for showers and heat living spaces. This heating requires conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy, which is then converted to electrical energy and back to heat. Thus, a significant fuel savings could be realized through the more efficient production of heat. A combined heat and power system is proposed; efficiency is increased by routing the generator exhaust through simple ducting to a standard gas hot water heater to produce hot water with waste heat. With funding from the U.S. Army Rapid Equipping Force, cadets and faculty at the United States Military Academy designed, built and tested a system for under $1,000 in parts which was readily coupled to a 5 kW AMMPS generator to produce hot shower water. Results indicate a possible fuel savings of 1500–2000 gallons per year, 20–35% increased fuel utility, and the ability to provide 10–20 five gallon showers during every 5 hours of operation of each 5 kW generator. At a fuel cost of $20–50 per gallon in the deployed environment, and considering the large inventory of deployed generators, the payback for the Army could be tremendous.

scholarly journals Specific Electrical Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Assessment of Agrifood Industries in the Central Region of Portugal

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 1880-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro D. Silva ◽  
Pedro Dinis Gaspar ◽  
J. Nunes ◽  
L.P.A Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Result Analysis

This paper provides a characterization of the electrical energy consumption of agrifood industries located in the central region of Portugal that use refrigeration systems to ensure the food safety. The study is based on the result analysis of survey data and energy characteristics of the participating companies belonging to the following agrifood sectors: meat, dairy, horticultural, distribution and wine. Through the quantification of energy consumption of companies is possible to determine the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions indexed to its manufacturing process. Comparing the energy and GHGs emissions indexes of companies of a sector and between sectors is possible to create reference levels. With the results of this work is possible to rating the companies in relation to reference levels of energy and GHGs emissions and thus promote the rational use of energy by the application of practice measures for the improvement of the energy efficiency and the reduction of GHGs emissions.

Analysis of Surface Waste Heat Recovery in IC Engine by Using TEG

2015 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 782-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Prakash ◽  
D. Christopher ◽  
K. Kumarrathinam
Keyword(s):  
Waste Heat ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Heat Energy Recovery

The prime objective of this paper is to present the details of a thermoelectric waste heat energy recovery system for automobiles, more specifically, the surface heat available in the silencer. The key is to directly convert the surface heat energy from automotive waste heat to electrical energy using a thermoelectric generator, which is then regulated by a DC–DC Cuk converter to charge a battery using maximum power point tracking. Hence, the electrical power stored in the battery can be maximized. Also the other face of the TEG will remain cold. Hence the skin burn out accidents can be avoided. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can work well under different working conditions, and is promising for automotive industry.

Ant Colony Algorithm (ACO) Applied for Tuning PI of Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
Raheel Jawad ◽  
Rawaa Jawad ◽  
Zahraa Salman
Keyword(s):  
Ant Colony Algorithm ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Active Power ◽  
Ant Colony ◽  
Electrical Strength ◽  
Shunt Active Power Filter ◽  
Active Power Filters ◽  
Non Linear

In the present-day decade, the world has regarded an expansion in the use of non-linear loads. These a lot draw harmonic non-sinusoidal currents and voltages in the connection factor with the utility and distribute them with the useful resource of the overall performance of it. The propagation of these currents and voltages into the grids have an effect on the electricity constructions in addition to the one of various client equipment. As a result, the electrical strength notable has come to be critical trouble for each client and distributor of electrical power. Active electrical electricity filters have been proposed as environment splendid gear for electrical power pinnacle notch enchantment and reactive electrical strength compensation. Active Power Filters (APFs) have Flipped out to be a possible wish in mitigating the harmonics and reactive electrical electricity compensation in single-phase and three-phase AC electrical energy networks with Non-Linear Loads (NLLs). Conventionally, this paper applied Ant Colony Algorithm(ACO) for tuning PI and reduce Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The result show reduces THD at 2.33%.

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