scholarly journals Measuring the Differential Economic Impact of Education across Income Groups and Provinces in Pakistan: A Model- Consistent Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 161-182
Author(s):  
Fahd Rehman ◽  
Russel J. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Engel Curve ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
The Impact

Engel’s Law states that the share of food in household expenditure declines with households’ total expenditure—a regularity that is clearly evident in Pakistani household income and expenditure data. This study uses an “Engel curve” to incorporate additional social effects—including the impact of education on welfare—to infer the differential impact of education on measures of household wellbeing across income groups and provinces. Our Engel curve specifications close the gap between economic theory and empirical applications critical to evaluating the effects of education on economic wellbeing. The results show that net primary and matriculation education enrolment ratios can bring about a significant improvement in people’s welfare. Accordingly, there is a need to specifically redirect resources to Balochistan where access to educational opportunities is rather low; and to increase access to such opportunities in Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data for the period 2008–11 shows that households in the two lowest income groups are worst off in terms of access to educational opportunities. Efforts should thus be stepped up to enhance their access to educational opportunities at the primary and matriculation levels. The study’s predictions are intended to guide policymakers in terms of where to concentrate their efforts and reduce economic distortions, and move the economy onto a sustainable path in the long run.

scholarly journals Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan RI-China Terhadap Perubahan Perdagangan dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Indonesia: Ssebuah Pendekatan Ekuilibrium Parsial (SMART Model) dan Pemanfaatan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi 2008

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulthon Sjahril Sabaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Market Analysis ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Social Accounting Matrix ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Impact

<em>This paper attempts to evaluate the impact of Indonesia-China trade liberalisation in changing Indonesian trade and Indonesian society welfare. To evaluate such impact, the study uses the Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (SMART Model) and Social Accounting Matrix 2008 (SAM 2008). Based on the result of the Indonesia-China trade liberalization scenario analysis, it is found that the net income received by the households due to the foreign trade with China is negative, which means the amount of the household expenditure due to the huge amount of Chinese commodities entering Indonesia is still higher compared to the amount of the household income received as a result of the Indonesian export of its commodities to China. The increased net income is enjoyed by all types of households.</em>

scholarly journals Adequacy of Retirement Wealth in Malaysia: Spending Behaviour Analysis

2018 ◽  
pp. 429-435
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Occupational Group ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Replacement Ratio ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Retirement Wealth

This paper aims to measure the retirement wealth adequacy among population in Malaysia based on 7743 samples from Household Expenditure and Income Survey (HEIS) 2014. The determinants of retirement wealth adequacy are also examined using the OLS regression. The HEIS2014 contains information on household income and expenditure data, together with socio-economic and demographic characteristics of each household head such as age, education level and occupational group. The retirement wealth adequacy is projected using a wealth-need ratio, which is equal to the projected wealth (or income) accumulated in working years divided by the projected total needs (or consumptions) in retirement years. A wealth-need ratio of equal or larger than one indicates that an individual’s retirement wealth is adequate. Based on life cycle hypothesis which states that retirees should retire with a maintained lifestyle, a 70% replacement ratio is used in this study to project the total consumptions throughout retirement years. We also project the total consumptions by implementing different replacement ratios for different salary classes in Malaysia to take into account heterogeneity of consumptions among households. The results show that all households (or 100%) have wealth-need ratio of one or more if we use 70% replacement ratio. However, the percentage of households who have wealth-need ratio of equal or larger than one reduces to 88% when we use different replacement ratios for different income classes. The results from the wealth-need ratio indicates that the following demographic and socio-economic groups have higher percentage of adequate retirement wealth; age 30-35, single (not married), work in management field, degree education, live in region 4 (Pulau Pinang, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya), and work in private sectors.

scholarly journals Impact of women’s share of income on household expenditure in southeast Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience Opata ◽  
◽  
Adaku Ezeibe ◽  
Chikwuma Ume ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Bargaining Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Data ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Specific Control

The main focus of this paper was to: (i) determine the impact of women’s share of household income on the pattern of expenditure on various categories of basic goods in southeast Nigeria; (ii) explain the pattern of household expenditure using the bargaining model of household behaviour; and (iii) extrapolate the results to the policy implications of gender-specific control of household incomes. We used cross-sectional household data elicited from a sample of 400 households constituting 2 520 members collected from November 2016 to March 2017 and disaggregated by gender. We found that increasing women’s share of incomes raises the budget share for food, children’s clothes, children’s school fees, fuel for household services and other expenditure, although not significantly with the budget shares for alcohol and meals out of the home. Our results suggest that any strategy by policymakers in southeast Nigeria to improve any of the expenditure items should target the empowerment of the gender that will more likely spend their money on the items concerned.

scholarly journals Changes in the VAT Burden on Expenses of Selected Households in the Czech Republic (2007–2014)

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-202
Author(s):  
Regína Střílková ◽  
Jan Široký
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Czech Republic is a typical representative EU Member State which has several times changed VAT rates during the analyzed period 2007–2014 in an effort to consolidate the public budget. These changes are reflected in household spending, which were analyzed by means of the consumer basket, the composition of which is also undergoing changes. Another factor that has an impact on household expenditures is the transfer of commodities between the reduced and standard rate of VAT. The final factor used is the differentiation of households according to their income levels. The aim of this paper is to determine how these changes took effect in the Czech Republic in the share of consumption of commodities included in the standard and reduced VAT rates and in exempt transactions according to household income groups in the analyzed period 2007–2014 and to determine the impact of these changes on the tax burden on selected households by value added tax and confirmation of the assumption of VAT regressivity.

scholarly journals Dampak Realokasi Anggaran Belanja Subsidi BBM untuk Pembangunan Infrastruktur terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-443
Author(s):  
Muhammad Anas ◽  
Wahyu Widodo ◽  
FX Sugiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Social Accounting Matrix ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Accelerate Growth ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Kondisi dan daya saing infrastruktur Indonesia belum memadai akibat belanja infrastruktur yang terhambat karena membengkaknya anggaran subsidi BBM. Pada akhir tahun 2014, pemerintah mereformasi anggaran belanja dengan memangkas anggaran subsidi BBM dan meningkatkan anggaran pembangunan infrastruktur. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak realokasi anggaran belanja subsidi BBM untuk pembangunan infrastruktur terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data yang bersumber dari BPS dan Susenas, penelitian ini menerapkan aplikasi Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi (SNSE) sebagai alat analisis untuk melihat seberapa besar dampak kebijakan bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pendapatan rumah tangga. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa realokasi anggaran subsidi BBM untuk pembangunan infrastruktur sosial (seperti pendidikan dan kesehatan) berpengaruh lebih besar terhadap perekonomian Indonesia dibandingkan infrastruktur fisik (seperti jalan dan jembatan). Meski pertubuhan ekonomi yang diperoleh melalui hasil simulasi belum mencapai target pembangunan, namun dalam jangka panjang pembangunan infrastruktur diharapkan mampu mengakselerasi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Indonesia’s infrastructure has been inadequate and not competitive due to the lack of infrastructure spending because of the consistently increasing budget for fuel subsidy. Therefore, at the end of 2014, Government of Indonesia (GoI) reformed their budgeting policy by diverting fuel subsidy’s budget to develop infrastructure. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of diverting Indonesia’s budgeting policy from fuel subsidy to infrastructure on its economy. Using data from Statistics Indonesia and National Survey of Social and Economy, this study applied Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) as the analytical tool to quantify the magnitude of the impact from the policy on Indonesia’s economic growth and household income. Simulation results indicated that developing social infrastructure (such as education and health) had a bigger impact on Indonesia’s economy than developing physical infrastructure (such as roads and bridges). Although the economic growth resulted from the simulation policy could not meet Indonesia’s target, infrastructure spending is expected to accelerate growth in the long run.

The long-run stability of a small, open economy under crawling peg regime

2002 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-78
Author(s):  
S. Çiftçioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
Output Stability ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
The Impact

The paper analyses the long-run (steady-state) output and price stability of a small, open economy which adopts a “crawling-peg” type of exchange-rate regime in the presence of various kinds of random shocks. Analytical and simulation results suggest that with the exception of money demand shocks, an exchange rate policy which involves a relatively higher rate of indexation of the exchange rate to price level is likely to lead to the worsening of price stability for all types of shocks. On the other hand, the impact of adopting such a policy on output stability depends on the type of the shock; for policy shocks to the exchange rate and shocks to output demand, output stability is worsened whereas for the shocks to risk premium of domestic assets, supply price of domestic output and the wage rate, better output stability is achieved in the long run.

Impact of exchange rate and oil price on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk: Evidence from Malaysian capital market

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Huda Arshad ◽  
Ruhaini Muda ◽  
Ismah Osman
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Sovereign Bond ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

This study analyses the impact of exchange rate and oil prices on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk for Malaysian capital market. This study aims to ascertain the effect of weakening Malaysian Ringgit and declining of crude oil price on the fixed income investors in the emerging capital market. This study utilises daily time series data of Malaysian exchange rate, oil price and the yield of Malaysian sovereign bond and sukuk from year 2006 until 2015. The findings show that the weakening of exchange rate and oil prices contribute different impacts in the short and long run. In the short run, the exchange rate and oil prices does not have a direct relation with the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk. However, in the long run, the result reveals that there is a significant relationship between exchange rate and oil prices on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk. It is evident that only a unidirectional causality relation is present between exchange rate and oil price towards selected yield of Malaysian sovereign bond and sukuk. This study provides numerical and empirical insights on issues relating to capital market that supports public authorities and private institutions on their decision and policymaking process.

Financial and monetary policy of the State and its impact on the income level and poverty reduction in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 964-990
Author(s):  
N.I. Kulikov ◽  
V.L. Parkhomenko ◽  
Akun Anna Stefani Rozi Mobio
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Subject. We assess the impact of tight financial and monetary policy of the government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia on the level of household income and poverty reduction in Russia. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results of financial and monetary policy in Russia and determine why the situation with household income and poverty has not changed for the recent six years, and the GDP growth rate in Russia is significantly lagging behind the global average. Methods. The study employs methods of analysis of scientific and information base, and synthesis of obtained data. The methodology and theoretical framework draw upon works of domestic and foreign scientists on economic and financial support to economy and population’s income. Results. We offer measures for liberalization of the financial and monetary policy of the government and the Central Bank to ensure changes in the structure of the Russian economy. The proposed alternative economic and financial policy of the State will enable the growth of real incomes of the population, poverty reduction by half by 2024, and annual GDP growth up to 6 per cent. Conclusions. It is crucial to change budget priorities, increase the salaries of public employees, introduce a progressive tax rate for individuals; to reduce the key rate to the value of annual inflation and limit the bank margin. The country needs a phased program to increase the population's income, which will ensure consumer demand.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document