Defining Traits of the Soviet National Policy in the Belarussian and Russian Soviet Republics in the mid-late 1930’s

Author(s):  
Н.К. Альховик

В статье выявлена эволюция национальной политики в БССР и РСФСР в 1933–1939 гг., определены ее этапы, направления и особенности. Раскрыты основные причины пересмотра концепции национального строительства в СССР в середине-конце 1930-х гг. Установлено, что процесс сужения сферы использования и функций белорусского языка, отказ от сохранения доминирующего положения белорусской советской культуры создавали опасность ассимиляции белорусского населения. Одновременно с отходом от белорусизации была свернута политика, направленная на обеспечение национальных потребностей титульного населения в автономных республиках и областях РСФСР. Выявлено, что в центре внимания партийно-государственных работников находилось усиление позиций русского языка и культуры в БССР: проводились мероприятия, направленные на расширение русской печати, сети русских школ и культурных заведений. В 1933–1937 гг. советская власть балансировала в выборе генеральной стратегии относительно национальных меньшинств БССР и РСФСР, потому ликвидация их учреждений и организаций не имела всеобъемлющего масштаба и сопровождалась мероприятиями в поддержку их национальной идентичности. С 1937–1939 гг. власти придерживались курса на ликвидацию институтов национальных меньшинств БССР и РСФСР как очагов антигосударственной работы. Конечной целью государственной политики являлась их ассимиляция. The article defines the evolution of the national policy in the BSSR and the RSFSR in 1933–1939, its stages, directions and features. The main reasons for the revision of the concept of national construction in the USSR in the mid-late 1930s are revealed. It is established that the process of narrowing the scope of use and functions of the Belarusian language, the refusal to maintain the dominant position of the Belarusian Soviet culture created a danger of assimilation of the Belarusian population. Simultaneously with the abandonment of Belarusization policies aimed at ensuring the national needs of the titular population in the autonomous republics and regions of the RSFSR was curtailed. Strengthening the position of the Russian language and culture in the BSSR was the major focus of the party and state workers: activities aimed at expanding the Russian press, the network of Russian schools and cultural institutions were carried out. In 1933–1937, the Soviet power balanced in the choice of the general strategy concerning national minorities of the BSSR and the RSFSR, therefore, the liquidation of their institutions and organizations was not total and it was accompanied by activities in support of their national identity. From 1937–1939 the authorities followed the course of eliminating the institutions of national minorities in the BSSR and the RSFSR as hotbeds of anti-state work. The ultimate goal of state policy was their assimilation.

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Volokhova

Prefacing the first ever publication of V. Grossman’s essay In memory of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising [Pamyati vosstaniya v Varshavskom getto] (1948) in the Russian language, the article recollects the circumstances and reasons for the piece to have been kept from publication and defines its relevance in the author’s legacy. The work is analyzed in the context of the problems of a literary testimony. The researcher points out that Grossman wrote the story using a special writing strategy, where numerous meanings incompatible with official Soviet culture are incorporated by means of an uncontrollable symbolic subtext, decipherable with certain ‘keys’ created throughout the narrative. In this case, such a ‘key’ is provided by the character of the stocking knitter ofŁodź. The story and the editor’s corrections are reconstructed from an archived, typed manuscript. Also included in the publication and supplied with comments are V. Grossman’s answers to the questionnaire distributed by the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee to several cultural workers in 1946 ahead of the first Victory Day anniversary. 


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-54
Author(s):  
Чилингир ◽  
E. Chilingir

This article describes the process of the English term “public relations” entering the Russian language and culture; there is the term (and its Russian synonyms) frequency statistics in Russian texts as well. Analysis of spelling usage of the English term (in official documents, professional sphere, and informal contexts) has been done. The article also provides a forecast that in some time the term пиар (in Russian spelling) will become neutral, and will possibly remain the only one name for that sphere of activity.


Author(s):  
O. Filippova

The article reveals the opportunities and barriers of online learning as a form of professionally oriented communicative training of students. The author substantiates the functional significance of the open and closed types of online courses after analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of online learning for the formation of communicative competence. The role and specificity of each type of online learning in the formation of professionally significant communicative competence are shown on the example of online courses in the Russian language and culture of professional speech for foreign language.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-196
Author(s):  
Yulia M. Alyunina ◽  
Olga V. Nagel

The aim of the article is to introduce the authors’ perspective on how English loanwords are changing the structure and the content of the verbal code of Russian culture and the Russian linguistic pictures of the world, as well as on how the latter might change the former. Having used the continuous sampling method, observation method, and synchronic-diachronic approach (lexical semantic analysis, comparative semantic analysis, morphological and quantitative analysis), the authors have allocated and analyzed 487 loanwords, which led to the introduction of three distinguished types of interaction between the verbal code of the Russian language and foreign loanwords. The first interaction type is the process whereby the loanwords adapt semantically to the rules of the host language and culture, which leads to the complete change of a loanword meaning or its modification (15 words). The second interaction type is connected with the loanwords bringing new concepts to a host language and indicating borrowed ideas and objects (270 words). The differentiation of these two interaction types is based on the results of a synchronic and diachronic study of the loanwords in Russian. The analyzed interaction types are linked to the changes in the host language’s verbal code. A concept of a “hybrid linguistic picture of the world” is being introduced as the one constituting the third interaction type (201 words). According to the authors, the hybrid linguistic picture of the world is developing at the current stage of the Russian language and is caused by the process of the morphological adaptation of English loanwords, which is manifested in the production of hybrid words and Russian words being actively substituted by English borrowings.


2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Ostrówka ◽  
Mirosław Jankowiak

Professor Iryda Grek-Pabisowa (1932–2021)This article presents the profile of Iryda Grek-Pabisowa, a renowned linguist, associated with the Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences for sixty years. She was a long-serving head of North Borderland Polish, and the deputy director of the Institute for two terms (1996–2003). She was a pioneer of research on the language and culture of Old Believers in Poland, and the language of Poles in Belarus and Lithuania. The most important research areas on which she focused were dialectology and lexicography: the study and description of the subdialects of Old Believers living in Poland (e.g. A Dictionary of the Dialect of Old Believers Living in Poland), the Russian language (e.g. The Great Russian-Polish Dictionary) and North Borderland Polish (7 monographs and A Dictionary of the Spoken Polish of the North-Eastern Borderland). She is the author or co-author of about 160 articles, 11 monographs and 7 dictionaries. In 1974–2003 she was associated with the journal Acta Baltico-Slavica, initially as its secretary and then editor-in-chief.  Profesor Iryda Grek-Pabisowa (1932–2021) Opracowanie przedstawia sylwetkę Irydy Grek-Pabisowej, znanej językoznawczyni przez 60 lat związanej z Instytutem Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Przez wiele lat kierowała Pracownią Polszczyzny Północnokresowej. Przez dwie kadencje pełniła funkcję wicedyrektorki ds. naukowych w IS PAN (1996–2003). Była prekursorką badań języka i kultury staroobrzędowców w Polsce oraz języka Polaków na Białorusi i Litwie. Do najważniejszych kierunków badawczych należały dialektologia i leksykografia: badanie i opis gwar staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce (m.in. Słownik gwary starowierców mieszkających w Polsce), język rosyjski (m.in. Wielki słownik rosyjsko-polski) oraz polszczyzna północnokresowa (7 monografii oraz Słownik mówionej polszczyzny północnokresowej). Jest autorką lub współautorką około 160 artykułów, 11 monografii i 7 słowników. W latach 1974–2003 była związana z rocznikiem „Acta Baltico-Slavica”, początkowo jako sekretarz, a następnie jako redaktor naczelna.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Alexey I. Mineev ◽  
Alexander Aidarov

Basing on the analysis of diverse sources and scientific literature the article examines the state policy of Estonia (former Republic of the USSR) in the field of preserving the culture of national minorities – Russia descents, as well as it determines the legislative norms for the support of national minorities in Russia and Estonia. Regulatory legal acts regulating the rights and activities of national minorities both in Russia and in other countries were studied for this purpose. Attempts to create a national cultural autonomy (NCA) in Estonia are described. The authors come to conclusions that the state policy of the former Republic of the USSR is aimed at preserving and developing languages, material and spiritual culture of the country’s multinational population. Schools, electives are opened, the Russian-language media and TV channels operate, and non-profit organizations function. If in 1989 there were 22 national culture associations registered in Estonia, in 2014 they numbered already more than 300. All this explains the fact that 86% of Russian speakers in Estonia do not see a threat to their language and identity.


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