scholarly journals Jak malá byla Marobuda říše? Prameny k rozsahu Marobudem ovládaného území a jejich interpretace / Wie klein war das Marbod-Reich? Die Quellen zur Ausdehnung des von Marbod beherrschten Gebiets und ihre Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 301-332
Author(s):  
Vladimír Salač
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Archaeological Knowledge ◽  
Written Sources

How Small Was the Maroboduus Empire? Sources on the Extent of the Territory Ruled by Maroboduus and Their Interpretation. The article discusses the scope of the “Maroboduus Empire”, which is traditionally described as a vast power structure in central Europe at the beginning of the first millennium. However, the demarcation of its size and borders is based on just a few ambiguous mentions in antique written sources. The article points out that existing ideas on the Maroboduus domain are inconsistent with archaeological knowledge. The author critically evaluates written and archaeological sources and existing attempts to demarcate the empire, reaching the conclusion that its territory can most probably be connected with the lowlands in the northern part of the Bohemia. This area represented the permanent core of the Maroboduus Empire, to which additional Germanic tribes from outside the Bohemian Basin could have joined, although these were likely temporary and impermanent alliances. The Maroboduus Empire apparently never represented a stable (pre)state entity with permanent and respected borders.

scholarly journals Roman to Middle Age Earthquakes Sourced by the 1980 Irpinia Fault: Historical, Archaeoseismological, and Paleoseismological Hints

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Paolo Galli
Keyword(s):  
Middle Age ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Seismogenic Structure ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Era ◽  
Written Sources

The Italian seismic compilations are among the most complete and back-in time extended worldwide, with earthquakes on record even before the Common Era. However, we have surely lost the memory of dozen strong events of the historical period, mostly in the first millennium CE. Given the lack of certain or conclusive written sources, besides paleoseismological investigations, a complementary way to infer the occurrence of lost earthquakes is to cross-check archaeoseismic evidence from ancient settlements. This usually happens by investigating collapses/restorations/reconstructions of buildings, the general re-organization of the urban texture, or even the abrupt abandonment of the settlement. Exceptionally, epigraphs mentioning more or less explicitly the effects of the earthquake strengthened the field working hypothesis. Here, I deal with both paleoseismological clues from the Monte Marzano Fault System (the structure responsible for the catastrophic, Mw 6.9 1980 earthquake) and archaeoseismological evidence of settlements founded in its surroundings to cast light on two poorly known earthquakes that occurred at the onset and at the end of the first millennium CE, likely in 62 and in 989 CE. Both should share the same seismogenic structure and the size of the 1980 event (Mw 6.9).

scholarly journals Early Byzantine Elements of Prestigious Horse Harness with Cloisonné Inlaid Decoration in the Post-Hunnic Period (Eastern Europe, Danube Area, and Eurasian Steppes)

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Michel Kazanski
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Made In ◽  
Precious Stones ◽  
Early Byzantine

The elements of prestigious horse tack of the Early Byzantine origin, decorated with cloisonné inlay style decor, have long been identified among the steppe nomads of the Post-Hunnic Period (the so-called Shipovo horizon from the second third of the fifth to the second third of the sixth centuries), as well as among the sedentary barbarians in Eastern and Central Europe. These finds include disc-shaped badges or plaques or appliques, rectangular belt-ends, and horse bits with zoomorphic images. Now it is difficult to infer specific mechanisms for the distribution of prestigious early Byzantine artefacts in the Barbaricum in the Post-Hunnic Period. It looks like that apart from the usual military trophies these items could have been included in diplomatic gifts. Written sources testify to specific cases of donation of horse accessories (saddles) to barbarian leaders. Along with weapons, these artefacts could also be obtained as a result of a symbolic investment of the Empire’s allies on behalf of the emperor. The hypothesis of making the artefacts in the cloisonné inlay style directly in the Barbaricum seems less probable, though the presence there of craftsmen including those who knew the technique of the Constantinople jewellery “school” is quite possible. However, it should be remembered that the technique of sawing and processing precious stones was particularly complex and was owned by a very limited number of craftsmen. Therefore, the overwhelming majority of barbarian jewellery pieces from the Hunnic and Post-Hunnic Periods used the secondary-used stones, in contrast to the case of the finds in steppe, like those from Morskoi Chulek, Bylym-Kudinetovo, Ialpug, or Altynkazgan. Rather, the latter were made in the Mediterranean workshops.

scholarly journals The bricks of E-sagil

Iraq ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. George
Keyword(s):  
City Wall ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Textual Material ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Written Sources

The intention of this article is to continue the process of comparing modern archaeological data relating to Babylon and its buildings with the ancient written sources. Previous work has produced results for the topography of the city, particularly the location of the city's gates, quarters and temples, and has achieved some success with two individual structures, namely the temple of Marduk under the mound Amran ibn Ali, and the eastern city wall at its junction with the river defences to the south of the same mound. A newly published text adds considerably to the textual material avail able for study of the cult-centre of Marduk, so that it is useful once again to go back inside E-sagil (E-sangil).Given the exalted position of Marduk's temple at Babylon as the supreme sanctuary of Babylonia in the first millennium, it is no surprise that there survives a relatively large number of documentary sources which shed light on this building, its ground-plan and its interior. These include building inscriptions, of course, but such texts are not informative about lay-out so much as the work undertaken. Rituals are also useful, in that they sometimes describe the progress of processions in temples, but the most rewarding texts for those who would wish to know more about the ground-plan of the temple, its architecture and cultic fixtures and fittings, are: a) metrological texts which give measurements of temples, and b) “topographical” and other texts which list the ceremonial names of shrines, gates, throne-daises and other cultic fixtures and fittings.

JI'NAN IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.: ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Mortuary Practices ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Social Transitions ◽  
Pratiques Funéraires ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Archaeological Knowledge

AbstractInterpretations derived from the study of texts have often determined how material remains have been explained in the historical archaeology of ancient China. Thus, the history of China has been less informed by archaeological knowledge than one would wish. In the case of social transitions in the Ji'nan region in the first millennium B.C., I show how changes in settlement patterns and in mortuary practices enrich our understanding of how the increasingly centralized state impacted the local Ji'nan society. Les interprétations provenant de l'étude des textes ont souvent déterminé la manière dont les vestiges matériels ont été intégrés dans l'archéologie historique de la Chine Ancienne. Pour cette raison, l'apport des données archéologiques sur la connaissance de la Chine. Ancienne est bien moindre qu1on ne le pense. Dans le cas des transitions sociales dans la région de Ji1nan au cours du 1er Millénaire B.C., cet article montre comment les changements intervenus dans la distribution régionale des sites et dans les pratiques funéraires enrichit notre perception des effets de l'action de l'état centralisateur sur la société locale du Ji'nan.

A Gold Ring with Runes from Central Europe

1940 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-337
Author(s):  
E. T. Leeds
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
Great Size ◽  
First Millennium

The collection of continental European and Anglo-Saxon jewellery dating from the second half of the first millennium of our era in the Ashmolean Museum, though of no great size, has for many years been noted for its quality, including, as it does, the fine series of ornaments and rings collected by Sir John Evans and presented in 1908 by Sir Arthur Evans, together with such outstanding pieces as the Alfred Jewel and the Minster Lovel jewel. To these have more recently been added important gold rings, a further gift from Sir Arthur Evans, and the magnificent brooch from Sarre, Kent, purchased in 1934.In the early half of this year an unexpended balance of a grant from the bequest of Mr. George Flood France, allotted by the Visitors of the Museum for the purchase of objects of art, allowed the Department of Antiquities to contemplate the acquisition of yet another important jewel, and by the help of a supplementary grant which the Trustees of the National Art-Collections Fund generously promised to contribute if needed, there has now been added to the collection a gold ring of the finest quality, its interest enhanced by the presence of a runic inscription engraved on the inside of the hoop (pl. L).

Politics and power

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Collis ◽  
Raimund Karl
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Power Bases ◽  
Major Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Written Sources

Reconstruction of Iron Age social and political structures relies initially on written sources, but classical texts are both biased in how they describe institutions, especially among other peoples, and patchy in time and space. From the mid-first millennium BC, we get details on how polities such as Athens, Sparta, and Rome functioned, but these are not representative of other Greek and Italian peoples, let alone non-Mediterranean societies. The second source of information is archaeology, especially burials, but also settlements. The chapter discusses social and political development using both a core–periphery (Mediterranean societies were more complex than those in the north) and an evolutionary model, though not one which necessarily assumes increasing complexity. The varying nature of individual power bases is also considered. A major area of contention (including between the authors) is the extent to which we can back-project documented societies into the past or into other contexts.

‘Imbued with the Essence of the Owner’: Personhood and Possessions in the Reopening and Reworking of Viking-Age Burials

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Margaret Klevnäs
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grave Disturbance ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Recurrent Set ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article examines the wide range of grave disturbance practices seen in Viking-age burials across Scandinavia. It argues that the much-debated reopenings at high-profile sites, notably the Norwegian ‘royal’ mounds, should be seen against a background of widespread and varied evidence for burial reworking in Scandinavia throughout the first-millennium AD and into the Middle Ages. Interventions into Viking-age graves are interpreted as disruptive, intended to derail practices of memory-creation set in motion by funerary displays and monuments. However, the reopening and reworking of burials were also mnemonic citations in their own right, using a recurrent set of practices to make heroic, mythological, and genealogical allusions. The retrieval of portable artefacts was a key element in this repertoire, and in this article I use archaeological and written sources to explore the particular concepts of ownership which enabled certain possessions to work as material citations appropriating attributes of dead persons for living claimants.

Bronze Age Chariots from Europe

1960 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Anati
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Wheeled Vehicle ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles

The Oriental origin of the wheeled vehicle has long been recognized. It seems to have originated in Sumer, in the Uruk period, in the first half of the fourth millennium B.C.A rich collection of material, including isolated wheels and other remains of wheeled vehicles, models and pictures representing vehicles, show that wagons and carts had spread to Italy, Eastern and Central Europe, and the south Scandinavian countries by the middle of the second millennium B.C. Although the presence of wheeled vehicles has been claimed in Spain as early as the ‘copper age’ the first datable evidence for them is given there by the Solana de Cabanas stele and other west Spanish stelae that probably belong to the end of the second and the first millennium B.C.

The Idea of Order

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
The Creation

Richard Bradley investigates the idea of circular buildings - whether houses or public architecture - which, though unfamiliar in the modern West, were a feature of many parts of prehistoric Europe. Why did so many people build circular monuments? Why did they choose to live in circular houses, when other communities rejected them? Why was it that those who preferred to inhabit a world of rectangular dwellings often buried their dead in round mounds and worshipped their gods in circular temples? Why did people who lived in roundhouses decorate their pottery and metalwork with rectilinear motifs, and why was it that the inhabitants of longhouses placed so much emphasis on curvilinear designs? Although their distinctive character has engaged the interest of alternative archaeologists, the significance of circular structures has rarely been discussed in a rigorous manner. The Idea of Order uses archaeological evidence, combined with insights from anthropology, to investigate the creation, use, and ultimate demise of circular architecture in prehistoric Europe. Concerned mainly with the prehistoric period from the origins of farming to the early first millennium AD, but extending to the medieval period, the volume considers the role of circular features from Turkey to the Iberian Peninsula and from Sardinia through Central Europe to Sweden. It places emphasis on the Western Mediterranean and the Atlantic coastline, where circular dwellings were particularly important, and discusses the significance of prehistoric enclosures, fortifications, and burial mounds in regions where longhouse structures were dominant.

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