scholarly journals Rice breeding in India: eight decades of journey towards enhancing the genetic gain for yield, nutritional quality, and commodity value

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (Special) ◽  
pp. 69-88
Author(s):  
Mridul Chakraborti ◽  
C Anilkumar ◽  
Ram Lakhan Verma ◽  
R Abdul Fiyaz ◽  
KR Reshmi Raj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
National Level ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Breeding By Design ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Central Rice Research Institute ◽  
Rice Ecologies ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

The contribution of rice breeding for ensuring food security in India is well known. Organized rice breeding is nearly eight decades old in the country which started with the establishment of Central Rice Research Institute at Cuttack in the year 1946. Thereafter, the rice breeding programmes have undergone several transformations to meet the needs of stakeholders at both regional and national level. For all the rice ecologies of the country, high yielding varieties were developed by deployment of the required genes. Initially the objectives were met only through phenotypic selections based on breeders' own skills. With time, the rice breeders of the country adopted the advances in the fields of science and technologies especially in the areas of plant sciences. From the initial phase of users of methodologies and materials developed elsewhere, the rice scientists of India have transformed themselves to discover useful genes from the vast germplasm resources of the country and utilize them as per the local requirements through marker assisted selection. Despite the progress made in last few decades, the genetic gain from breeding programmes is becoming stagnant over time and the increased yield in current years are now attributed more to production interventions. The rice breeders of India need to take advantage of the recent developments of speed breeding, whole genome sequences of various Oryza species, advanced phenomics and computational methods, high throughput genotyping platforms, tissue culture and genome editing tools etc. to shift from its current approach of "breeding by chance" to "breeding by design" and to bring significant improvements in the rate of genetic gain per generation.

Selective Diversification of Aquaculture Stocks: A Proposal for Economically Sustainable Genetic Conservation

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (S1) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Doyle ◽  
N. L. Shackel ◽  
Z. Basiao ◽  
S. Uraiwan ◽  
T. Matricia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Genetic Impact ◽  
Breeding Programmes

The genetic diversity of aquaculture stocks can be maintained, and their genetic impact on wild stocks minimized, by breeding programmes that deliberately generate genetic diversity. Current animal breeding practices are likely to reduce the diversity of domestic stocks if they are extended to aquaculture. It is proposed that national breeding programmes for aquaculture should, instead, try to develop numerous breeds specially adapted to local environments and aquaculture systems. An economic model is presented of decision-making by individual farmers who, in choosing which breed to produce, determine the "fitness" of the breeds in a meta-population that includes all breeds. As long as strong genotype-environment interaction for production traits is maintained by artificial selection, the economic self-interest of farmers should ensure the stability of genetic polymorphisms among breeds. Genetic variation would be conserved (in the among-breed component of genetic diversity) but not the primordial distribution of gene and genotype frequencies. Economic benefits to farmers, plus a high return on investment at the national or supra-national level, makes breed diversification an attractive conservation strategy even though it is admittedly a compromise from a purely genetic viewpoint.

Genetic divergence and stability (AMMI) study in chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L.) under north western Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir, India

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Praveen Singh ◽  
Magdeshwar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Western Himalayas ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Cluster Distance ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Ammi Model ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
North Western

Genetic diversity of seventeen chickpea genotypes was studied through Mahalanobis D2, Tocher’s Method. The genotypes under study fall into five clusters. The cluster- IInd contained the highest number of genotypes (08) and Cluster IV and V contained the lowest (01). Cluster- II produced the highest mean value for days to maturity. The inter-cluster distances were much higher than the intra-cluster distances. Cluster-V exhibited the highest intra-cluster distance while the lowest distance was observed in cluster-IV and V. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster-III and V while the lowest was between cluster-I and IV. Considering all the characters, it is suggested that the genotypes 81-0-800, C-306, 96907, C-235 and SCS-3 could be used as parents for future breeding programmes to develop high yielding varieties of chickpea. As per AMMI model, two genotypes i.e. C-81 and 96911 were identified as having wider adaptability along with higher seed yield per plant.

Scope and significance of biotechnological improvement of tea

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mainaak Mukhopdhayay, Akan Das Tapan Kumar Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Breeding Programmes

<p>Tea is an important plantation crop of India, which generates huge employment opportunities in rural and hilly backward places.<br />Being a woody perennial crop with an economic life span of more than 60 years, it also has a role in sustaining the ecosystem.<br />Because of its long gestation period, as observed from conventional breeding, alternative methods such as molecular breeding is<br />highly relevant, which is rather limited in tea breeding programmes. Therefore, adoption of biotechnological approaches is a<br />better option to shorten the breeding cycle of tea. Recent developments from the biotechnological research works on tea and<br />related species are summarized in the review.</p>

The Governance of Digital Technology, Big Data, and the Internet: New Roles and Responsibilities for Business

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Flyverbom ◽  
Ronald Deibert ◽  
Dirk Matten
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
New Industry

The importance of digital technologies for social and economic developments and a growing focus on data collection and privacy concerns have made the Internet a salient and visible issue in global politics. Recent developments have increased the awareness that the current approach of governments and business to the governance of the Internet and the adjacent technological spaces raises a host of ethical issues. The significance and challenges of the digital age have been further accentuated by a string of highly exposed cases of surveillance and a growing concern about issues of privacy and the power of this new industry. This special issue explores what some have referred to as the “Internet-industrial complex”—the intersections between business, states, and other actors in the shaping, development, and governance of the Internet.

scholarly journals Application of marker assisted selection for livestock improvement in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
R Khatun ◽  
AA Mintoo
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Generation Interval ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Selection Of

Molecular markers usually do not have any biological effect. They are identifiable DNA sequences, found at specific locations of the genome, and transmitted from one generation to the next. Marker assisted selection (MAS) is a novel technique that can complement traditional breeding methods for rapid genetic gains. Genetic gain through selective breeding is the objective of a breeder to achieve long term improvement in animal and plant genomes; however the pace of improvement is inversely proportional to the Generation Interval. Genetic improvement in livestock, particularly those with long generation intervals, requires decades for tangible results. Successful MAS breeding programmes require gene mapping, marker genotyping, quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection, genetic evaluation and finally MAS. Genomic selection is a form of markerassisted selection. Using markers covering the whole genome could mean potentially that all the genetic variance is explained; and the markers are assumed to be in linkage disequilibrium with the QTL so that the number of effects per QTL to be estimated is small. MAS drastically reduces generation interval and increases selection accuracy. Therefore, a breeding strategy based upon markers making the best use of the two approaches can facilitate rapid genetic gain though selection of markers related to economic traits such as milk and meat production. This review is designed to elaborate the technique of MAS and its application in developing countries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v31i1.22837 Bangl. vet. 2014. Vol. 31, No. 1, 1-11

Recent developments in beef carcass evaluation

1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Primary Measure ◽  
Beef Carcass

The carcass is central to improvements in the efficiency of beef production. Carcass quality is the primary measure of output and a key selection criterion; it is the focus of trade and of marketing efforts by farmers to adapt output to changing demand. This article reviews recent developments in the search for more accurate methods of assessing carcass quality in breeding programmes and in carcass classification and grading schemes.

scholarly journals Companies’ human rights compliance: the EU integrated approach to support the duty to assess and address human rights related risks of business activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Marta Gatti
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
National Level ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The One ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Eu Support ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of this article is, on the one hand, to describe EU support of the adoption of a corporate social responsibility policy by EU undertakings, both within and outside the EU borders. On the other hand, this article will focus on the most recent developments in the field of human rights reporting at national level and, in particular, on the French commitment to implement mechanisms to prevent infringements on human rights across the supply chain.

scholarly journals International tuberculosis contact-tracing notifications in Germany: Analysis of national data from 2010-2018 and implications for efficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Glasauer ◽  
Stefan Kröger ◽  
Walter Haas ◽  
Nita Perumal
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
International Travel ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
International Contact

Abstract Background International contact-tracing (CT) following exposure during long-distance air travel is resource-intensive, whereas evidence for risk of tuberculosis (TB) transmission during international travel is weak. In this study, we systematically analyzed the information from international requests for CT received at the national level in Germany in order to evaluate the continued utility of the current approach and to identify areas for improvement. Methods An anonymized archive of international CT notifications received by the Robert Koch Institute between 2010 and 2018 was searched for key parameters for data collection. A total of 31 parameters, such as characteristics of TB patients and their identified contacts, were extracted from each CT notification and collated into a dataset. Descriptive data analysis and trend analyses were performed to identify key characteristics of CT notifications, patients, and contacts over the years. Results 192 CT notifications, each corresponding to a single TB index case were included in the study, increasing from 12 in 2010 to 41 in 2018. The majority of notifications (N=130, 67.7%) concerned international air travel, followed by private contact (N=39, 20.3%) and work exposure (N=16, 8.3%). 159 (82.8%) patients had sputum smear results available, of which 147 (92.5%) were positive. Of 119 (62.0%) patients with drug susceptibility testing results, most (N=92, 77.3%) had pan-sensitive TB, followed by 15 (12.6%) with multi-drug resistant TB. 115 (59.9%) patients had information on infectiousness, of whom 99 (86.1%) were considered infectious during the exposure period. 7 (5.3%) patients travelled on long-distance flights despite a prior diagnosis of active TB. Of the 771 contact persons, 34 (4.4%) could not be reached for CT measures due to lack of contact information. Conclusion The high variability in completeness of information contained within the international CT requests emphasizes the need for international standards for reporting of CT information. With the large proportion of TB patients reported to have travelled while being infectious in our study, we feel that raising awareness among patients and health professionals to detect TB early and prevent international long-distance travel during the infectious disease phase should be a cornerstone strategy to safeguard against possible transmission during international travel.

The IFLA Core Programme for Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC (UBCIM): Recent Developments and Current State

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-France Plassard
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Quarterly Journal ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Current State ◽  
Bibliographic Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments

The UBCIM Programme seeks to coordinate activities aimed at the development of systems and standards of bibliographic control at the national level and to facilitate the international exchange of bibliographic data. One of its first accomplishments, the International Standard Bibliographic Description, was completed with the publication in 1992 of the revised ISBG(G). Guidelines for subject authority and reference entries were issued in 1993. Seminars and workshops on UBC and UNIMARC are being organized in various parts of the world. In 1992 project UNIBASE was launched, with the aim of producing a sample database of UNIMARC records using CDI/ISIS software, in support of the educational objectives of the UBCIM Programme; it includes a variety of facilities for searching, displaying and printing, but not for editing and updating records. Some Eastern European libraries that are starting to automate are considering UNIMARC as their internal format. A substantial part of UBCIM's activities is represented by its publications programme, which includes a quarterly journal. Lithuanian, Romanian and Russian versions of the UNIMARC manual were issued in 1993, and requests for translation into other languages have been received.

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