scholarly journals Structure Of Phytoplankton Communities In Seagraas Ecosystem Of Kelurahan Tongkeina Bunaken Darat District

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Nikita Kekenusa ◽  
Rose O.S.E Mantiri ◽  
Gaspar D Manu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Phytoplankton Community Structure ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystem ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities

This research was conducted at 3 stations in the seagrass ecosystem of the Tongkeina coastal waters district of Bunaken Darat Manado on March 16, 2019, at 10:35 - 13:45 WITA. This study aims to know the types and community structures of phytoplankton in the Tongkeina seagrass ecosystem and its environmental conditions. The method used to collect the sample is sampling. Samples were taken using a plankton net measuring 20 cm in mouth diameter with a mesh size of 60 microns. Based on the results of observations obtained by the composition of phytoplankton species, namely 17 genera of 22 species in 3 classes namely Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Pyramimonadophyceae. The highest density of phytoplankton in Tongkeina waters is at Station 2 (0.360 cells / l) with the highest relative density of Chaetoceros sp. (19.10%). While the highest density of phytoplankton is found at Station 3 (0.516 cells / l) with the highest relative density of Melosira sp. (21.69%). The lowest Diversity Index at Station 2 (H '= 2,217) and the highest at station 3 (H' = 2,284). This shows that overall these waters have moderate diversity values. The lowest Uniformity Index at Station 1 (e = 0.858) and the highest at Station 2 (e = 0.924). This shows that overall these waters have a medium uniformity value. The lowest dominance index at Station 3 (C = 0.119) and the highest at Station 1 (C = 0.127). This shows that no species dominate the waters. The water conditions such as temperature, salinity, pH, and brightness still support the growth of phytoplankton.Keywords: phytoplankton, community structure, seagrass, Tongkeina ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan pada 3 stasiun di  perairan ekosistem lamun kelurahan  Tongkeina kecamatan Bunaken Darat pada tanggal 16 Maret 2019 pukul 10:35 – 13:45 WITA, dengan tujuan mengetahui jenis dan struktur komunitas fitoplankton yang ada di perairan ekosistem lamun  Tongkeina serta kondisi lingkungannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah Metode sampling. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan plankton net berdiameter mulut berukuran 20 cm dengan mesh size 60 mikron. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diperoleh komposisi jenis fitoplankton  yakni 17 genus 22 spesies dalam 3 kelas yaitu Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, dan Pyramimonadophyceae.Kepadatan tertinggi fitoplankton di perairan Tongkeina terdapat pada Stasiun 2 (0.360 sel/l) dengan kepadatan relatif tertinggi Chaetoceros sp. (19.10%). Sedangkan  kepadatan fitoplankton tertinggi terdapat pada Stasiun 3 (0.516 sel/l) dengan kepadatan relatif tertinggi Melosira sp. (21.69%). Indeks Keanekaragaman terrendah pada Stasiun 2 (H’= 2.217) dan tertinggi pada stasiun 3 (H’= 2.284). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan perairan ini memiliki nilai keanekaragaman sedang. Indeks Keseragaman terrendah pada Stasiun 1  (e= 0.858) dan tertinggi pada Stasiun 2  (e= 0.924). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan perairan ini memiliki nilai keseragaman  sedang. Indeks Dominansi terrendah pada Stasiun 3 (C= 0.119) dan yang tertinggi pada Stasiun 1 (C= 0.127). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada jenis yang mendominasi perairan. Adapun kondisi perairannya seperti suhu, salinitas, pH dan kecerahan masih menunjang pertumbuhan fitoplankton.Kata Kunci :Fitoplankton, Struktur Komunitas, Lamun, Tongkeina,

scholarly journals Abundance of Phytoplankton In The Coastal Waters of South Sumatera

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Riris Aryawati ◽  
Dietriech G. Bengen ◽  
Tri Prartono ◽  
Hilda Zulkifli
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Phytoplankton Abundance ◽  
Dominance Index

Phytoplankton in the ocean has an important role in forming the base of food chain,  responsible in primary production. Its abundance and number of phytoplankton species will indirectly affect the level of water’s fertility. This study aimed to determine the presence of phytoplankton as bio-indicators of water quality in terms of abundance, diversity index, uniformity index, and saprobic coefficient in coastal waters of South Sumatera. The study was conducted on May 2013 - February 2014, at ten stations during high and low tides. Phytoplankton samples were taken vertically using plankton nets,  cone-shaped with a diameter of 30 cm, length 100 cm and mesh size 30 μm. The study found 41 genera of phytoplankton, consisted of family Bacillariophyceae (26 genera), Dinophyceae (7 genera) Cyanophyceae (7 genera) and Chlorophyceae (1 genus). The highest number of genera was recorded while low tides in November (24 genera), and the lowest was on May while high tides (16 genera). The highest abundance of phytoplankton was recorded in August during high tides (2,68 x 107 cell.m-3), and the lowest was in May during high tides (6,59 x 105cell.m-3). The diversity index (H'),  the uniformity index (E), and the dominance index (D) ranged between 0,64–3; 0,15–0,71 and 0,15–0,83 respectively.  Keywords: phytoplankton, abundance, diversity index, South Sumatera coast.

scholarly journals Phytoplankton community structure in Menjer Lake, Central Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 869 (1) ◽  
pp. 012037
Author(s):  
F Sulawesty ◽  
G P Yoga ◽  
L Subehi ◽  
R Rosidah
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Phytoplankton Community Structure ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Ecological Pressure

Abstract The occurrence of land changes around Lake Menjer, Central Java Province will affect the condition of water quality subsequently will affect biota, including phytoplankton. The purposes of study was to analyze the composition and abundance of phytoplankton in Menjer Lake regarding to nutrient content i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus. Observations on the phytoplankton community were conducted in July and October 2019 at six locations in Menjer Lake. Water samples were taken at the water surface as much as 10 L filtered using plankton net. Identification was carried out under the inverted microscope Diaphot 300. The abundance was calculated using the Sedgwick Rafter cell counting (SRCC) method. Analysis of the phytoplankton community structure was derived by calculating the Diversity Index, Evenness Index, and Simpson Dominance Index. The nutrient content in Menjer Lake influences the structure of phytoplankton communities quantitatively and qualitatively. Observation showed that the diversity of phytoplankton was low and there was one species dominanted, the result explained that the phytoplankton community in Menjer Lake is unstable and there is ecological pressure on the community. It can be concluded that the improvement of environmental conditions around Menjer Lake is the basis for the sustainable management of Menjer Lake.

scholarly journals Community Structure of Gastropods in Seagrass Meadows at Coastal Area of Nusi and Gersen, Nabire Regency

2020 ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Marce Souisa ◽  
Simon P. Leatemia ◽  
Selfanie Talakua
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Seagrass Habitat ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystem ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Chemical Factors

Gastropods plays an important role in the food chain on seagrass ecosystem and its existence are depend on the physical-chemical factors in the seagrass ecosystem. This study aims to determine the density and diversity of gastropods associated in seagrass habitat in Nusi and Gersen coastal waters. The measurement results of some physical-chemical waters variables, are still quite good for the life of gastropods. Species composition of gastropod in Nusi at higher than at the Gersen, but instead of individual density in Gersen more higher than Nusi. Diversity index of gastropods at Nusi station is higher (3,757) than Gersen (3.053), on the contrary the eveness and dominance index are higher at Gersen station than Nusi station. Community similarity index by species is low between the two stations, which indicates that the species of gastropods at both stations is quite different. The influence of human activity and higher utilizatin of gastropods in Nusi has lowered the density of gastropods in seagrass habitat, so it needs awareness efforts on the importance of gastropods and the seagrass habitat for coastal ecosystem.

scholarly journals Impact of the 2009 extreme water level variation on phytoplankton community structure in Lower Amazon floodplain lakes

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Casali ◽  
Maria do Carmo Calijuri ◽  
Bernard Barbarisi ◽  
Vivian Fróes Renó ◽  
Adriana Gomes Affonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Phytoplankton Community Structure ◽  
Extreme Water Level ◽  
Hydrological Conditions ◽  
Amazon Floodplain ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities

AIM: This paper examines the effect of the extreme water level change in 2009 on the structure and diversity of the phytoplankton communities in lakes of the Lower Amazon Floodplain, and compares it to phytoplankton community structure data reported in the literature for 2002 and 2003 high water periods, closer to the normal hydrological conditions. METHODS: Sub-surface integrated water samples for phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a analyses were collected during high and low water phases in 2009. Water temperature (°C), pH, turbidity (NTU) and electrical conductivity (µS.m-1) were measured, and the Shannon diversity index was calculated. RESULTS: The results showed striking differences in taxonomic composition between phases (high and low) and also between normal (2002 and 2003) and extreme (2009) hydrological conditions, all related to the flood pulse intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Extreme water level fluctuations can result in shifts in phytoplankton community structure and diversity. This work represents a valuable contribution to phytoplankton research since presents the community structure under extreme hydrological events in the Amazon floodplain.

scholarly journals Variation of phytoplankton community structure in Quang Ngai coastal waters during 2015–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4A) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Huynh Thi Ngoc Duyen ◽  
Tran Thi Minh Hue ◽  
Tran Thi Le Van ◽  
Phan Tan Luom ◽  
Nguyen Ngoc Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Phytoplankton Community Structure ◽  
Phytoplankton Diversity ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities

Phytoplankton in coastal waters are important for the evaluation of either biodiversity or environmental impacts because of this highly vulnerable ecosystem. Seasonal and annual changes in the phytoplankton community structure in Quang Ngai waters during the period 2015 to 2019 were analyzed to assess the phytoplankton diversity and reveal possible causes of these changes. A total of 366 phytoplankton taxa belonging to 10 classes were identified throughout this present study. The highest species number was found in 2019 with 295 taxa, followed by those in 2015 (247), 2017 (185), and 2018 (99). The waters of Ly Son transect showed the highest diversity and most stable phytoplankton communities in both dry and rainy seasons, whereas the stations of Quang Ngai coast revealed high variability of the communities. All diversity indices including Margalef, Pielou, Shannon, Simpson did not reflect well differences in average values but a certain degree of variances, indicating possible environmental impacts. During the study time, there were blooms of certain diatom species including Skeletonema spp. in 2015 and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in 2019. Analysis of a diatoms index, Centric/Pennate ratio, indicated that the waters were in eutrophic status with a decreasing trend from the coast area to Ly Son island in 2015 and 2019. This research built up fundamental data on phytoplankton communities for Quang Ngai province. The Centric/Pennate diatom index and diversity would be used as indicators for environmental changes and their values provided warning of eutrophication in this coastal waters including the water surrounding Ly Son island.

scholarly journals Variation in phytoplankton community in Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan coastal waters between post el niño year and enso neutral year

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Huynh Thi Ngoc Duyen ◽  
Phan Tuan Luom ◽  
Tran Thi Le Van ◽  
Nguyen Thi Mai Anh ◽  
Tran Thi Minh Hue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Phytoplankton Community Structure ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities

Impacts of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the phytoplankton community have been studied in many different waters in the world. However, these effects on phytoplankton communities in coastal upwelling waters are still in need in various aspects such as specific responses of phytoplankton and its dynamics. Phytoplankton data of 15 stations in Ninh Thuan  - Binh Thuan coastal area collected in July 2016 (post El Niño year) and July 2017 (ENSO neutral year) was analyzed and comparing using diversity indices, composition and density of the phytoplankton to measure influences of ENSO on the phytoplankton community structure in coastal upwelling of South Centre Viet Nam. The results revealed significant differences of average species number, the Margalef, Shannon, and Simpson diversity indices and the density of phytoplankton between the two years. These values and indices were significant higher in ENSO neutral year (2017) than the post El Niño year (2016), except the Pielou evenness index. Phytoplankton community structures of two periods were different by 82.26% based on SIMPER analyzing.

scholarly journals Phytoplankton community as bioindicators in aquaculture media Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to detergent and pesticide waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Yusrizal Akmal ◽  
Rindhira Humairani ◽  
Muliari Muliari ◽  
Hanum Hanum ◽  
Ilham Zulfahmi
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Phytoplankton Community Structure ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Identification Stage ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Impact

Phytoplankton is a bio-indicator of fertility in waters. This study aims to determine the impact of detergent and pesticide waste on the phytoplankton community structure in in tilapia aquaculture media. The phytoplankton identification stage was carried out at the MIPA Laboratory Almuslim University. The parameters studied were phytoplankton abundance, diversity index, uniformity index, dominance index, and water quality parameters. The results of this study showed that detergent and pesticide waste at the end of the study had caused a decrease in the abundance value of phytoplankton by 3,250 individual/L and 3,750 individual/L. In the control treatment, the highest phytoplankton composition was dominated by Chaetoceros sp., while the pesticide and detergent treatments were dominated by Golenkenia sp. and Microcystis sp. Exposure to detergent and pesticide waste reduced the diversity index value, the phytoplankton uniformity index value. At the beginning of the study, it has a moderate diversity index (H '= 2.485–3.072), while at the end of the study it shows low diversity (H' = 2.111–2.375). Furthermore, at the beginning and at the end of the study there was a decrease in the uniformity index value (E = 0.87–1.01) and (H '= 0.88–0.94).

scholarly journals Zooplankton Community In Coastal Malalayang Waters Manado

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Firgiani V. N. Mahipe ◽  
Rose O. S. E. Mantiri ◽  
Ruddy D. Moningkey
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Zooplankton Community ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Sample Bottle

The purpose of this study was to identify the zooplankton, to know the relative density of zooplankton, and to analyze their community structure, such as Diversity Index (H') and Dominance Index (C).Sampling was conducted on September 30th, 2016 at the depth of 50 cm-withdrawn slowly along 40 meter (2x20 meter back and forth) in each station. The water left in the cod end (reservoir bottle) put into a sample bottle, with alcohol 95%, and taken to the laboratory for identification.Based on the identification, there were 25 species of zooplankton (19 adults, one final larval stage brachyura, 4 larvae of mollusks and worms, and 1 fish larvae 1 unidentified), namely: Oncaea sp. [1], Oncaea sp. [2], Oncaea sp. [3], Diastylis sp., Monstrilla sp., Euchaetomera sp., Euchaeta sp., Ibacus sp., Oithona sp., Synchaeta sp., Farranula sp., Macrosetella sp., Eurydice sp., Calanus sp., Lucifer sp., Eucalanus sp., Scolecithricella sp., Lucicutia sp., Lepidasthenia sp., megalops brachyura, zoea brachyura, larvae of eulimella, larvae of echinospira, larvae of corethra and larvae of fish. Relative density was the highest in Oncaea sp. (34.21%) and Diversity Index (H') was classified as moderate. The diversity index showed that the zooplankton community was less diverse. Dominance Index (C) was also low indicating no species was dominant in the coastal waters of Malalayang.Keyword : Community, zooplankton, Malalayang DuaAbstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis–jenis zooplankton, mengetahui kepadatan relatif zooplankton, dan menganalisa struktur komunitas zooplankton seperti Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) dan Indeks Dominasi (C).Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada 30 September 2016 dengan cara memasukkan plankton net sedalam 50 cm, kemudian ditarik sambil berjalan secara perlahan sepanjang 40 meter (2x20 meter bolak-balik) di tiap stasiun. Air yang tersaring dalam cod end (botol penampungan) dituangkan di dalam botol sampel dan ditambahkan/diawetkan dengan alkohol 95%. Selanjutnya, sampel tersebut dibawa ke Laboratorium untuk diidentifikasi.Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi diperoleh 25 jenis zooplankton (19 dewasa, 1 organisme muda [tahap akhir larva] zooplankton, 4 larva zooplankton dan 1 larva ikan yang tidak teridentifikasi) yaitu: Oncaea sp. [1], Oncaea sp.[2], Oncaea sp.[3], Diastylis sp., Monstrilla sp., Euchaetomera sp., Euchaeta sp., Ibacus sp., Oithona sp., Synchaeta sp., Farranula sp., Macrosetella sp., Eurydice sp., Calanus sp., Lucifer sp., Eucalanus sp., Scolecithricella sp., Lucicutia sp., Lepidasthenia sp., Megalopa Brachyura, Zoea Brachyura, Larva Eulimella, Larva Echinospira, Larva Corethra dan Larva Ikan. Kepadatan Relatif tertinggi terdapat pada Oncaea sp. sebesar 34,21% Nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) zooplankton di tiga Stasiun tergolong sedang. Nilai tersebut menunjukkan bahwa komunitas organisme dalam kondisi yang kurang beragam. Hasil Indeks Dominasi (C) termasuk kriteria dominasi rendah, menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada spesies yang mendominasi di perairan pantai Malalayang.Kata kunci : Komunitas, zooplankton, Malalayang Dua

scholarly journals Komunitas Fitoplankton Perairan Pantai Utara, Timur, Dan Selatan Pulau Lombok

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalu Japa Dan Khairuddin
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Water ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
The South ◽  
North East ◽  
Water Ecosystem

ABSTRAKPerairan pantai menyediakan sumber daya alam yang melimpah dan potensial untukdimanfaatkan secara ekonomi. Tidak sedikit kegiatan pemanfaatan ekosistem pantai yangdisertai dengan dokumen pengelolaan. Tolok ukur kualitas perairan yang banyak dipakaidan dilaporkan adalah komunitas fitoplankton. Untuk itu, survey ini dilakukan pada 3stasiun di kawasan pemanfaatan ekosistem pantai untuk kegiatan budidaya kerangmutiara. Empat titik sampling ditetapkan pada masing-masing stasiun. 50 ml sampel airlaut diambil pada setiap titik sampling menggunakan jaring plankton dengan mata jaringberukuran 20 μm. Perairan pantai utara dan timur pulau Lombok didominasi olehBacteriastrum delicatulum dan pantai selatan pulau Lombok didominasi oleh Chaetocerosaffinis. Secara umum, ketiga titik sampling penelitian ini didominasi oleh spesies darigenus Chaetoceros. Tetapi Bacteriastrum delicatulum adalah jenis yang paling dominandan melimpah di ketiga lokasi sampling. Indeks diversitas spesies ketiga perairan pantaipulau Lombok tersebut termasuk kategori sedang.Kata kunci: Komunitas, Fitoplankton, Perairan Pantai, EkosistemPHYOPLANKTON COMMUNITY OF NORTH, EAST, AND SOUTHLOMBOK ISLAND COASTAL WATERSABSTRACTCoastal waters providing numerous diversity of flora and fauna since the area is asuitable habitat for many flora and fauna species and have some high economic potentialuses. The flora and fauna than have economical benefits. Community of phytoplankton iscommonly recorded and studied for biological indicator of aquatic ecosystemsustainability. Four sampling sites of each three station (north, east, and south) of Lombokcoastal waters were absorbed for phytoplankton community. Tweleve of 50 ml bottlescoastal waters samples were taken using a nylon plankton net of 20 μm mesh size. Thenorth and east coastal waters of Lombok were dominated by Bacteriastrum delicatulumand the south coastal water of Lombok was dominated by Chaetoceros affinis. In generalthe coastal waters of Lombok were dominated by species of the genus of Chaetoceros.However, diatom Bacteriastrum delicatulum was the most commonly found and has thehighest density in all sampling sites.Species diversity index of phytoplankton in all threesampling station of this study was intermediate categoryKey woods: Community, Phytoplankton, Coastal Water, Ecosystem

scholarly journals Timing of sea ice retreat can alter phytoplankton community structure in the western Arctic Ocean

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1705-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fujiwara ◽  
T. Hirawake ◽  
K. Suzuki ◽  
I. Imai ◽  
S.-I. Saitoh
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Phytoplankton Community Structure ◽  
Western Arctic Ocean ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Ice Retreat ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Sea Ice Retreat

Abstract. This study assesses the response of phytoplankton assemblages to recent climate change, especially with regard to the shrinking of sea ice in the northern Chukchi Sea of the western Arctic Ocean. Distribution patterns of phytoplankton groups in the late summers of 2008–2010 were analysed based on HPLC pigment signatures and, the following four major algal groups were inferred via multiple regression and cluster analyses: prasinophytes, diatoms, haptophytes and dinoflagellates. A remarkable interannual difference in the distribution pattern of the groups was found in the northern basin area. Haptophytes dominated and dispersed widely in warm surface waters in 2008, whereas prasinophytes dominated in cold water in 2009 and 2010. A difference in the onset date of sea ice retreat was evident among years–the sea ice retreat in 2008 was 1–2 months earlier than in 2009 and 2010. The spatial distribution of early sea ice retreat matched the areas in which a shift in algal community composition was observed. Steel-Dwass's multiple comparison tests were used to assess the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the four clusters. We found a statistically significant difference in temperature between the haptophyte-dominated cluster and the other clusters, suggesting that the change in the phytoplankton communities was related to the earlier sea ice retreat in 2008 and the corollary increase in sea surface temperatures. Longer periods of open water during the summer, which are expected in the future, may affect food webs and biogeochemical cycles in the western Arctic due to shifts in phytoplankton community structure.

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