Research on the Conversion Coefficient for Measuring Radon Concentration in Water Based on Bubbling Method

Radon is soluble in water, and the radon in drinking water is one of the sources of indoor radon. The China national standard for drinking water (GB5749-2006) indicates that the radon concentration in drinking water cannot be higher than 300pCi/L. The widely used method for measuring radon concentration in water is to use the RAD7 and the H2O accessory which provided by the Durridge Company for bubbling measurement. There are two kind sample bottles: 40ml and 250ml; the measurement steps: bubbling for 5 minutes, and measuring for 20 minutes. For the 40ml sample volume the conversion coefficient is around 25. For the 250ml sample volume the conversion coefficient is around 4. Since the price of the accessory is more than one thousand dollars, and the drying tube of the accessory is small, it needs to be replaced after each measurement which makes the operation is troublesome. We used a big drying tube to perform the radon concentration in water measurement. A new model for description the radon concentration in the gas circuit is proposed, and the conversion coefficient in any measurement condition is obtained. Any volume of sample bottle and drying tube can be used, selecting the suitable bubbling time and measuring time, the radon concentration in water can be obtained.

CORAL REEF COVER RELATIONSHIP TO POMACENTRIDAE AND PHYTOPLANKTON CORAL FISH IN KASIAK ISLAND OF WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE

Kasiak Island is one of the islands located in the waters of Pariaman, West Sumatra, and located right in front of Pariaman City. Around the sea, the island is surrounded by coral reefs and is a protected area. In the aquatic area of Kasiak Island has never been conducted research on the relationship of coral reef cover to the coral Pomacentridae and phytoplankton. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on this matter in the waters of Kasiak Island, West Sumatra Province. Data collection of coral reef cover is done by the LIT (Line Intercept transect) method with a transect length of 50 meters at a depth of 5 meters using scuba equipment. Coral fish observation is done by UVC (Underwater Visual Census) method with a transect length of 50 meters and an observation area of 2.5 meters left and right at a depth of 5 meters. Phytoplankton sampling is conducted during the day at 11.00 to 15.00 WIB at five points of the station with a depth of 5 meters using Vandorn water sampler volume 2 L with a total take of 100 L, then filtered using Plankton net no 25 and inserted into a sample bottle of 125 ml, then preserved using Lugol 4% as much as 4-6 drops, after which analyzed in the laboratory. Based on the results there is a very strong relationship between coral cover to the abundance of coral fish, where coral cover contributes to the abundance of coral fish by 93.87%, which means that the higher the percentage of coral cover the more species and abundance of coral fish are found. Then the a strong relationship between coral reef cover and phytoplankton abundance, where coral reef cover contributes to the abundance of phytoplankton by 56.37%, which means an increase in the percentage of coral reef cover along with the increasing abundance of phytoplankton.

Diversitas Plankton di Perairan Pantai Sire Kabupaten Lombok Utara

Plankton has an important role for aquatic ecosystems, especially in the food network in a waters. This study aims to assess the abundance and diversity index of plankton in Sire Beach, North Lombok Regency. The study was conducted in September 2019 using purposive sampling with 9 sample points. The water sample was filtered using plankton net then put into the sample bottle for identification in the laboratory. Shannon-Wienner Index was used for determining diversity of plankton species. The types of plankton found were 12 genera of phytoplankton from the Bacillariophyta group, including: Biddulphia, Coscinodiscus, Cocconeis, Cylindrotheca, Diploneis, Fragilaria, Gyrosigma, Licmophora, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma, and Triceratium. The highest abundance of phytoplankton belonged to Coscinodiscus species as many as 1.380 cells/l at station 2.3. The high abundance of Coscinodiscus might be due to a nutrient supply in these waters. Seagrass ecosystem was thought to have an important role in obtaining nutrients for phytoplankton. Diversity index has a value which ranges between 1.117505-1.841236 showing that it is in the medium category. The uniformity index ranges from 0.450718-0.673373 indicating that the distribution of plankton species in each station is even. The dominance index ranges from 0.233508-0.522215. This shows that there is no type of plankton that dominates the waters of Sire Beach. This is due to the abundance of plankton species at each station which is fairly evenly distributed.

Morphometrics Variations of Carpenter Bees Xylocopa confusa Latreille and Xylocopa latipes Drury from Different Habitats in Central Sulawesi

Habitat is a place for living things to grow and develop. Differences in physical characteristics of habitats within an area can affect the morphometry of an organism. This study aims to provide information related to the morphometric variation of the carpenter bees Xylocopa confusa Latreille and Xylocopa latipes Drury in different habitats in Central Sulawesi. The research was conducted in four types of habitat, namely primary forest, secondary forest, rural areas, and urban areas in January 2019. The collection of carpenter bees useds a sweep net by swinging it around the sampling location. The carpenter bees obtained were then killed in a killing jar for five minutes. The carpenter bees samples were put into a sample bottle based on the type of habitat. Furthermore, the pinning process was carried out using insect needles. The results showed that the physical characteristics of the different habitats could affect the morphometric variations of the carpenter bees Xylocopa confusa and Xylocopa latipes. The size of the body morphometry of carpenter bees is larger in primary forest habitats, while the smallest size of bees is found in urban areas. This research is useful as preliminary data before carrying out the cultivation and conservation process of wood bees considering that their role in nature is very important.

Comparative Study on the Protective Effect of Zinc Nanoparticle and Zinc Supplement on Carbamazepine Induced Reproductive Damage in Male Albino Rats

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the protective effect of zinc nanoparticle and zinc supplement against carbamazepine induced reproductive changes in male Albino rats. Study Design: In this experiment, 60 Male albino rats were used which are divided into six groups of 10 rats each. The first group was used as the control for the experiment and they were given distilled water. The second Group, Group 2 were administered with 20 mg/kg body weight of carbamazepine, group 3 were administered with 20 mg/kg of carbamazepine plus 10 mg/kg of zinc nanoparticle and Group 4 were administered with 20 mg/kg of carbamazepine plus 10 mg/kg of zinc supplement while group 5 were administered with 10 mg/kg of zinc nanoparticle and also group 6 were administered with 10 mg/kg of zinc supplement only. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Bells University of technology, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria, the research was carried out from February to June, 2018. Methodology: Zinc nanoparticle extraction was carried out to obtained Zinc nanoparticle. A 60 male albino rats with weight ranging from 140 g - 230 g were used. They were fed with normal rat chow and were allowed to acclimatize for a period of two weeks. They were then divided into six groups according to their body weight which contained the test groups and the control group. The rats were sacrificed after two weeks of test administration. They were allowed an overnight fast (24 hours). The cervical dislocation was done, and the blood was collected from the heart, in to a lithium heparinized bottle. The testes of the rats were also collected and stored in a sample bottle containing buffer and stored, the liver, kidney and the brain were collected too. The rats liver and testes were weight and macerated in 5 times the volume of the actual organ weight using homogenate buffer (phosphate buffer). The resulting homogenate was centrifuge at 10000 rmp speed for 15 mins then it was removed from the centrifuge and the supernatant was decanted and stored below 4°C. Result: The group administered with carbamazepine only show significant decreased in the level of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone when compared with control group, followed by the group administered with zinc nanoparticle only. However, group 6 and group 4 that were administered with zinc supplement and zinc supplement plus carbamazepine showed a significant increase in the level of these hormones when compared with control group, while group 6 which were administered with carbamazepine and zinc nanoparticle showed no significant different when compared with control group. In addition carbamazepine alone significantly increased the level of alanine transaminase (ALT) in the liver and also the group administered with zinc nanoparticle alone significantly increased the level of aspartate transaminase (AST) with decrease in the level of ALT. However, the groups administered with zinc supplement alone and in combination with carbamazepine reduced ALT and AST levels in the liver. Conclusion: Therefore, this study suggest that, carbamazepine induced toxicity by affecting the level of sex hormones and activities of the kidney in the male albino rats, and also zinc nanoparticle have more protective effect than zinc supplement against carbamazepine toxicity.

Analgesic effect of Sansevieria longiflora (Sim) water extract and xylocaine cream on surgical wound incision in rats

Analgesic effect of Sansevieria longiflora (S. longiflora) on surgically created wound was studied. Phytochemical screening of the crude water extracts was carried out following standard procedures. Sansevieria longiflora leaves was heated and the sap was squeezed into a sample bottle to be used as it was traditional believed. Its water extract was also prepared following standard procedure. Four (4) albino rats consisting of 2 males and 2 females were used for the study. One centimeter full thickness skin incision was created on 4 different locations at the dorsal region of each rat under anaesthesia. Each of the 4 wounds created was topically treated once daily with S. longiflora sap (E), S. longiflora water extract (F), Physiological saline solution (C) and xylocaine cream (G). The treatment regimen was rotated in a clockwise direction on each rat. Pain perception was evaluated with an algometer at 6:00 GMT (morning) and 18:00 GMT (evening) from day 1 post surgery for 5 days. The phytochemical studies revealed that S. longiflora contains carbohydrates, glycoside, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Day1 after the surgery, the mean morning value of force (N) required to elicit pain in xylocaine treated wounds (5.2 ± 0.79) were significantly higher (p<0.001) than that of physiological saline solution (2.8 ± 0.29) whereas, not different from that of S. longiflora sap (4.48 ± 0.57) and water extract (4.2 ± 0.6). Similarly, on the day 5 after the surgery, the mean morning value of force (N) required to elicit pain in xylocaine treated wounds were significantly higher (p<0.0001) than that of physiological saline solution (PSS) treated wounds and not different from that of S. longiflora sap and water extract. This showed that S. longiflora sap and water extract possess analgesic effect on incisional wounds. This study serves as a preliminary study on this plant towards searching for potent analgesics that could be used for procedural pain management. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 99-106, 2020

Abundance of Macrozoobenthos in the Seagrass Field Ecosystem in Cemara Besar Island, Karimunjawa Islands

Seagrass has several important ecological functions which protected some species of invertebrates such as crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, echinoderms, and other marine organism. Seagrass have ecological processes, where any interaction of several biotic and environment components. One of the biotic components associated with seagrass is macrozoobenthos. This study aims to determine the type and abundance of macrozoobenthos, the value of ecological index and covering percentage of seagrass at Cemara Besar Island, Karimunjawa. This study was conducted at Cemara Besar Island, Karimunjawa. The method used in this study was survey method with descriptive data analysis. Measurement of seagrass and macrozoobenthos using transect quadrant size of 1 x 1 meter. Macrozoobenthos living on the surface susbtrat (epifauna) was taken directly, while macrozoobenthos living within the substrate (infauna) using a corer was inserted into the substrate to a depth of 25cm. After conducting the samples were treated, the sediment sample sieved using benthos filter with a pore diameter of 1 mm and put macrozoobenthos into a sample bottle which has been given a 4% formalin solution and dye rose bengal, then identification of macrozoobenthos using a microscope and magnifying glass. Macrozoobenthos samples were analyzed using the calculation of abundance, the diversity index, the evenness index and the domination index. The result show that, in seagrass ecosystems in Cemara Besar Island Karimunjawa was found 4 classes macrozoobenthos consisting of Bivalve 3 species, Polychaeta 5 speseies, Echinoidea 4 species, and Gastropoda 25 species. The value of abundance in marine protection zone ranging from 6.32 to 8.42 ind/dm3 and the value of abundance in utilization zone marine ranging from 6.85 to 7.37 ind/dm3. The value of diversity index in the marine protection zone ranging from 1.42 to 2.57 are included in the category of low to moderate, while in the Marine Utility Zone ranging from 3.26 to 3.47 are included in the high category. The value of evenness index in the marine protection zone (E = 0.61 to 0.74) and utility zone (E = 0.77 to 0.82) were included in the high category (E > 0.6) in the second zone. The value of domination index in the marine protection zone (C = 0.20 - 0.48) and utility zone (C = 0.13 - 0.17) indicates that there are not macrozoobenthos species dominates. The Percentage cover of seagrass in marine protection zone from 68.75 to 76.04%, while the percentage cover of seagrass in utility zone ranging from 59.38 to 65.63%.

ANALYSIS OF NITRATE, PHOSPHATE AND CONCENTRATION ABILITY OF DIATOM (Bacillariophyta) PLANKTONIK IN THE SUMATERA PROVINCE OF WEST NIRWANA BEACH

This research was conducted in August 2018 with the aim to determine the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the waters of Nirwana Beach, find out the type and abundance of diatoms found in the waters of Nirwana Beach, and determine the relationship of nitrate and phosphate concentrations to diatoms in Nirwana Beach waters. Determination of sampling location using purposive sampling, namely by taking into account the conditions and conditions of the research area. Sampling of nitrate and phosphate using a sample bottle measuring 100 ml then given preservatives and diatom samples using a bucket and filtered with plankton net no.25 and preserved with 4% lugol solution as much as 3-4 drops and analysis was carried out at the Marine Chemistry and Marine Biology Laboratory , Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, University of Riau. The results showed nitrate concentration in Nirwana Beach waters ranging from 0.5 mg / l - 0.3 mg / l. And phosphate concentration in the waters of Nirwana Beach ranges from 0.19 mg / l - 0.08 mg / l. In the coastal waters of Nirvana there are 16 species of diatoms found. The highest abundance of diatom species from all species found was Cosconidiscus sp with an average of 4263 ind / l per station. While the lowest abundance of species is Melosira sp, Thalassionema sp, Neodelphinies sp, Rhizossolenia sp and Cocconeis sp with an average of 73.5 ind / l. Diatom diversity index (H ') in Nirwana Beach waters is classified as moderate and community stability is categorized as moderate, there is no type that dominates the uniformity index (E) Nirwana Beach waters are still balanced and there is no competition for food or places. and phosphate with an abundance of diatoms which in this case means that the higher the concentration of nitrate and phosphate, the more abundance of diatoms.

Diversity and Abundance of Insects on Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Plantation at Bolaang Mongondow District

Bolaang Mongondow District is one of the centers of pineapple production in Indonesia that reside in province North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research was aimed to know diversity and abundance of insect in pineapple plantation, detect species evenness of insect in to type agroecosystem of pineapple with polyculture and monoculture systems. This research was carried out at pineapple plantation on Lobong village, Bolaang Mongondow District. Insect diversity was observation in pineapple plants will be done by using pith fall traps. The trapping was put in two land research locations that have different system that’s polyculture and monoculture agroecosystem. The sample from trapping was putted into the sample bottle was sorted and identified. The analysis was done to detect diversity of insect with measures index of diversity Shannon and index of evenness Shannon-Wiener. The result showed that biodiversity of insect on pineapple plant that applies cultivation polyculture system more various from in cultivation monoculture system. Total family of insect that found at polyculture land that were 17 families with totals 1614 individuals and monoculture 12 families with totals 1450 individuals. The Shannon and Evenness diversity index in plants with polyculture systems were 0.664 and 0.571 higher than in monoculture systems (0.571 and 0.206). All types of insects that were found both in pineapple plantations were polyculture and monocultures have almost the same level of evenness (E <1).The both of system agriculture for apply system polyculture also monoculture was found family Formicidae in the order Hymenoptera be insect dominate of the area pineapple plantations.