REVIEW  KARAKTERISTIK MEKANIK DAN TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE  BETON GEOPOLIMER

Beton Geopolimer merupakan beton yang menggunakan material anorganik produk sampingan hasil limbah padat industri yang disintesis melalui proses polimerisasi seperti fly ash, terak besi, terak nikel, dan material lainnya yang mengandung unsur Alumunium (Al) dan Silika (Si) yang tinggi. Produksi 1 ton semen Portland menghasilkan emisi gas CO2 sebesar 1 ton ke atmosfer sehingga dapat membahayakan lingkungan seperti pemanasan global. Tujuan dari studi literatur ini adalah untuk menunjukan bagaimana karakteristik mekanik pada beton geopolimer dalam penggunaan 100% produk sampingan limbah industri (ferrous dan non-ferrous) sebagai pengganti semen Portland sepenuhnya pada beton konvensional, serta meninjau dampak lingkungan yang ditimbulkan akibat penggunaan limbah tersebut dengan menggunakan analisis TCLP. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) merupakan prosedur untuk mengetahui kadar logam berat pada produk sampingan limbah industri (ferrous dan non-ferrous) yang dapat larut dan dapat mencemari lingkungan. Studi pustaka yang membahas material anorganik mengenai beton geopolimer secara holistik masih sedikit. Beberapa faktor yang dapat memengaruhi karakteristik mekanik beton geopolimer antara lain proporsi campuran, penggunaan admixture, pemilihan material anorganik, metode perawatan dan durasi perawatan, dan rasio larutan alkali sebagai aktivator. Proporsi campuran yang tepat dapat menghasilkan workability yang baik, kuat tekan, dan kuat tarik belah yang tinggi. Metode dan durasi perawatan dengan pemanasan (oven curing) mampu menghasilkan kekuatan mekanik yang lebih besar dibanding dengan metode perawatan suhu ruangan. Studi literatur ini diharapkan dapat memberikan pedoman dalam pengembangan beton geopolimer kedepannya bagi para peneliti dan industri.

Evaluation of the toxicity characteristics of two industrial wastes valorized by geopolymerization process

DYNA ◽

10.15446/dyna.v82n190.43136 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 82 (190) ◽

pp. 74-81

Author(s):

Carolina Martínez López ◽

Johanna Mercedes Mejía Arcila ◽

Janneth Torres Agredo ◽

Ruby Mejía de Gutiérrez

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Catalytic Cracking ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Raw Material ◽

Environmental Standards ◽

Spent Catalyst ◽

Molar Ratios ◽

This paper evaluates the toxicity associated with two industrial wastes used as raw material of geopolymers. These wastes are fly ash (FA) and spent catalyst catalytic cracking (FCC). The residues were characterized using techniques such as XRF, XRD, SEM and laser granulometry. Two geopolymers systems based on FA-100% and FCC-100% were produced using SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios of 6,0 and 2,4 and Na2O/SiO2 of 0,20 and 0,25 respectively. The technique TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) was applied in order to evaluate the toxicity. Cr, V, Zn, Ni, As, Ba, Sr, Pb and Cd elements were analyzed. The results indicate that concentrations of heavy metals leachate (except V and As) are low compared with the environmental standards. The geopolymers studied are considered effective in terms of inmobilizing contaminants.

Leachability of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) Incorporated with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash by Using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1271 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 773-774 ◽

pp. 1271-1275 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aeslina Abdul Kadir ◽

Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Hassan ◽

Eric Cheah Keng Yang

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Power Plant ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Coal Ash ◽

Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Self Compacting Concrete ◽

Concrete Technology ◽

The process of combustion in coal fired power plant generates ashes, namely fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA). In addition, coal ash generated from coal combustion generally contains heavy metals within their compositions. These metals are toxic to the environment as well as to the human health. Fortunately, treatment methods are available for these ashes and the use of FA and BA in concrete mix is one of the few. As such, this study presents the work in determining the leachability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporated with FA and BA. The ashes were obtained from Kapar Energy Ventures power plant in Kapar, Selangor. SCC mixtures incorporated with 10%, 20% and 30% FA (replacing cement) and BA (replacing sand) respectively was formulated and casted. The samples were then crushed to be extracted using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and heavy metals content within the samples were identified accordingly using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). From the results, it was found that incorporation up to 30% of the ashes were safe as the leached heavy metals concentration did not exceed the regulatory levels, except for arsenic (As). On the other hand, incorporation of 20% FA and BA each in SCC provided the most economically viable product, with high strength and low leachate concentrations. In conclusion, this study will serve as a reference which suggests that FA and BA are widely applicable in concrete technology and its incorporation in SCC constitutes a potential means of adding value with appropriate mix and design.

Effects of Particle Size and Contact Time on the Reliability of Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure for Solidified/Stabilized Waste

Microchemical Journal ◽

10.1006/mchj.1998.1601 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 326-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Michael A. Janusa ◽

Jeffrey C. Bourgeois ◽

Grant E. Heard ◽

Nicole M. Kliebert ◽

April A. Landry

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Contact Time ◽

Performance of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

Waste Testing and Quality Assurance: Second Volume ◽

10.1520/stp18964s ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 199-199-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

LR Newcomer ◽

WB Blackburn ◽

GA Hansen

Keyword(s):

Collaborative Study of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

Waste Testing and Quality Assurance ◽

10.1520/stp26430s ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 14-14-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

WB Blackburn ◽

I Show ◽

L Williams ◽

DR Taylor ◽

PJ Marsden

Keyword(s):

Collaborative Study ◽

Recycling of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Reject Water as a Mixing Water of Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) Cement for Brick Production

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9235044 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (23) ◽

pp. 5044

Author(s):

Hwan Lee ◽

Dongho Jeon ◽

Haemin Song ◽

Sung Won Sim ◽

Dohoon Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Cement Pastes ◽

Calcium Sulfoaluminate ◽

Reject Water ◽

Ettringite Formation ◽

Friedel’S Salt ◽

Mixing Water ◽

Strength Improvement ◽

This study explored the possibility of using reverse osmosis (RO) reject water as a mixing water for producing cementitious bricks using calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement along with gypsum, and it investigated the changes in the properties of CSA cement pastes when RO reject water was used. The results were compared with those obtained using purified water and seawater. Overall, the use of RO reject water improved the cement paste’s strength. Given that the use of RO reject water very slightly affected ettringite formation but more significantly influenced the Al2O3-Fe2O3-mono (AFm) phases (i.e., monosulfate, kuzelite, and Friedel’s salt) and amorphous aluminum hydroxide (AH3), the strength improvement was likely mainly due to the formation of Friedel’s salt rather than ettringite formation. This study also demonstrated that the use of RO reject water for brick production satisfied the Korean Standards (KS) F 4004 and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP); thus, it is recommended to use RO reject water as a mixing water to produce CSA cement bricks for use in construction.

Assessment of toxicity of solid waste in landfill dumpsite by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

International Journal of Environmental Engineering ◽

10.1504/ijee.2014.062154 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

N. Raman ◽

D. Sathiya Narayanan

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Assessment of toxicity of heavy metal contaminated soils by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

Environmental Geochemistry and Health ◽

10.1007/s10653-005-9014-0 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 28 (1-2) ◽

pp. 73-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Yefang Sun ◽

Zhengmiao Xie ◽

Jing Li ◽

Jianming Xu ◽

Zuliang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Metal-contaminant leaching from lead smelter fly ash using pH-stat experiments

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.521 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 521-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Vítková ◽

V. Ettler ◽

O. Šebek ◽

M. Mihaljevič

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Acidic Ph ◽

Lead Smelter ◽

Leaching Experiments ◽

Ph Stat ◽

Ph Range ◽

Metal Contaminant ◽

AbstractFly ash from secondary Pb metallurgy was submitted to the pH-static leaching procedure according to the PrEN 14997 European leaching standard. The 48 h pH-static leaching experiments were performed on (1) fresh untreated fly ash and (2) previously washed fly ash with a cumulative wash step of 60 l kg-1. Greater release ofmetallic contaminants (Pb, Cd, Zn) was observed in the acidic pH range for both ashes. Washing significantly reduced the release of Cd and Zn, but greater concentrations of Pb were observed in leachates from washed fly ash due to the more important leaching of anglesite (PbSO4). The PHREEQC-2 speciation-solubility calculations showed that anglesite, phosgenite (PbCl2·PbCO3) and laurionite (Pb(OH)Cl) are the most important solubility-controlling phases for Pb, which is the most important contaminant.

Immobilization of ASH by Microwave Melting

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-269-471 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 269 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kazuki Morita ◽

Vinh Q. Nguyen ◽

Ron Nakaoka ◽

John D. Mackenzie

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Lithium Carbonate ◽

Microwave Oven ◽

Leaching Rate ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Leaching Procedure ◽

Pb Immobilization ◽

Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTNon-radioactive ash was immobilized via microwave melting. The ash composed mainly of silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), calcia (CaO), alumina (Al2O3), and carbon (C). The ash was melted with various additives, such as magnetite (Fe3O4), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and boron oxide (B2O3) by using a 2.45 GHz, 750 W microwave oven. Samples with different ash and additive concentrations were melted when subjected to microwave radiation. Ease of melting was dependent on the carbon and magnetite concentrations. Melted samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure in regard to lead (Pb) immobilization. Melted samples with more than 30 wt% additives has an undetectable leaching rate of less than 0.1 ppm of lead for TCLP test, which was found to be due to the reduction and evaporation of the lead during melting. More than 80 % of the lead was lost through evaporation leaving less than 0.1 wt% Pb in the melted glass.