scholarly journals Culture of the Second Half of the 20th Century through the Early 21st Century in Action: Creation of Contemporary Publicity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lev Zaks ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Cultural Taboos ◽  
The Early 21St Century

The article offers a culturological vision of publicity, and partly correlative privacy as universal aspects of the joint existence of people. The analysis methodology is based on the perception of culture as a universal specific way of existence of people and society; the perception of society as a sociocultural system; the perception of the evolution of society and all areas of its existence as a result of their holistic sociocultural determination. Publicity is considered in terms of its characterisation as a sociocultural phenomenon (space-time, socioanthropological, functional, communicative, discursive), and then the evolution of publicity as a function and the product of the cultural system is outlined. The main (and diverse) sociocultural influential factors having determined substantial changes in features of publicity (and its relationship with privacy) as from the second half of the 20th century to the present day are analysed: left-wing influence and democratisation of societies after World War Two; rising prosperity of citizens; origination of consumer society; release of public psychology from some conventional cultural taboos including as a result of secularisation and the sexual revolution; widespread and influential mass-media; informational revolution (information society). Critical effects of these factors in respect of publicity and its evolution have been shown. The information revolution of the second half of the 20th century to the early 21st Century is considered as the crucial factor of the radical qualitive transformation of social life, processes of its institutionalisation and with it, public and private spheres. Peculiarities of contemporary online publicness and its relationship with online privacy are addressed. Axiological problems of online publicness are highlighted.

The birth and evolution of American elitology in the XX — early XXI century

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
A.P. Khlynin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
American School ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Popular Approach ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
New Class ◽  
Professional Managers ◽  
Liberal Democratic

This study analyzed in details the genesis of American school of study of elites in the period from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. In this case the author makes an attempt to classify the main phases of American elitology from the 40s of the 20th century. Based on an analysis of papers of well-known American sociologists and political scientists who study elites, the author states the main approaches in relation to the study of elites. Thus, in the 1940s, the dominant approach to understanding elites was the liberal-democratic, according to which access to the elites is open for everyone who has extra skills in different spheres of society. At the same time stands a technocratic approach, which define elite as a group of professional managers who form a new class of technocracy. In 50s–60s liberal-democratic approach has been criticized by left-wing approach. From this point, elite was defined as a narrow layer of financiers and persons, who are close to the president, and this layer is closed. In the 60s–70s, the most popular approach of studying elites was pluralism. According to which, elite has no monolithic origin — it is a complex of interconnected independent elites. From the beginning of the 70s, the basic principles of pluralism have been criticized by neoelitism, according to which the most elite representatives included in most elite groups simultaneously. The late 20th — early 21st century can be characterized in two ways: dispute between pluralists and neoelitists and attempts to operationalize the concept of elite.

What is “Toxic Masculinity” and Why Does it Matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1097184X2094325
Author(s):  
Dr. Carol Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Gender Hierarchies ◽  
The Early 21St Century ◽  
Men's Movements

Coined in late 20th-century men’s movements, “toxic masculinity” spread to therapeutic and social policy settings in the early 21st century. Since 2013, feminists began attributing misogyny, homophobia, and men’s violence to toxic masculinity. Around the same time, feminism enjoyed renewed popularization. While some feminist scholars use the concept, it is often left under-defined. I argue that talk of toxic masculinity provides an intriguing window into gender politics in any given context. However, feminists should not adopt toxic masculinity as an analytical concept. I consider the term’s origins, history, and usage, arguing that it appears in individualizing discourses that have historically targeted marginalized men. Thus, accusations of toxic masculinity often work to maintain gender hierarchies and individualize responsibility for gender inequalities to certain bad men.

Drama and Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Franks
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Societal Level

As ways of making meaning in drama strongly resemble the ways that meanings are made in everyday social life, forms of drama learn from everyday life and, at a societal level, people in everyday life learn from drama. Through history, from the emergence of drama in Western culture, the learning that results at a societal level from the interactions of everyday social life and drama have been noted by scholars. In contemporary culture, electronic and digitized forms of mediation and communication have diversified its content and massively expanded its audiences. Although there are reciprocal relations between everyday life and drama, aspects of everyday life are selected and shaped into the various cultural forms of drama. Processes of selection and shaping crystallize significant aspects of everyday social relations, allowing audiences of and participants in drama to learn and to reflect critically on particular facets of social life. In the 20th century, psychological theories of learning have been developed, taking note of the sociocultural relationships between drama, play, and learning. Learning in and through drama is seen as being socially organized, whole person learning that mobilizes and integrates the bodies and minds of learners. Making signs and meanings through various forms of drama, it is interactive, experiential learning that is semiotically mediated via physical activity. Alongside the various forms of drama that circulate in wider culture, sociocultural theories of learning have also influenced drama pedagogies in schools. In the later part of the 20th century and into the 21st century, drama practices have diversified and been applied as a means of learning in a range of community- and theater-based contexts outside of schooling. Practices in drama education and applied drama and theater, particularly since the late 20th century and into the early 21st century, have been increasingly supported by research employing a range of methods, qualitative, quantitative, and experimental.

scholarly journals Folk music quotations and allusions in Latvian composers' neo-romantic symphonic music in the last decades of the 20th century and early 21st century

New Sound ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 213-238
Author(s):  
Jānis Kudiņš
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Folk Music ◽  
Specific Question ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Symphonic Music ◽  
The One ◽  
The Early 21St Century

This article focuses on the one specific question about folk music quotations and allusions in the symphonic music of Latvian composers in the last third of the 20th century (from the 70s) and the early 21 st century. Several Latvian composers (e.g. Romualds Kalsons, Pēteris Butāns, Pēteris Vasks, Pēteris Plakidis, Juris Karlsons) in their NEO-romantic symphonic works reflects interesting cases of Latvian folk music quotation, quasi quotation or allusion. Overall these are cases that show the composer's ability to actively use and create a similarity with Latvian folk music. However, this aspect raises the following questions. What kind of local (Latvian) traditions regarding folk music use (in general) are represented by Latvian composers? Why, at the end of the 20 th century and the early 21st century, have several composers continued to use folk music quotations or create folk music allusions? What symbolizes the folk music quotations and allusions in the context of the postmodern period's characteristic musical aesthetic and stylistics? It is hoped that this analysis will provoke a fruitful exchange of views on this question from different aspects.

scholarly journals Verbal Projection of Comparable Translations of a Detective Story

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Language Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Detective Story ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Abstract Based on the systemic functional framework, this paper attempts to compare verbal projection in two comparable translated texts of a detective story entitled A Scandal in Bohemia, one from the early 20th century (henceforth TT1) and the other from the early 21st century (henceforth TT2). Approximately one hundred years apart, these two translations are strikingly different in their language use, with classical Chinese being used in TT1 and plain (colloquial) Chinese being used in TT2. By analysing and comparing the lexicogrammatical features of the verbal clauses in the two translated texts, this paper summarises the choices made by the translators in these two different historical moments: when translating the source text, TT1 translators show more flexibility by incorporating more addition and omission into their translation than TT2 translators.

Faith in the New Testament

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Major Subject ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Pauline Theology ◽  
Pauline Studies ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Faith language is prevalent in the New Testament (NT; esp. pistis, pisteuō), but only in the early 21st century did this topic become a major subject of scholarship (leaving aside the pistis Christou debate, which has attracted steady interest and scholarship since the middle of the 20th century). Interest in NT faith language intersects with numerous fields and disciples including classics, lexical semantics, Septuagint studies, and vigorous debates in Pauline studies and Pauline theology.

scholarly journals Remembering and Forgetting Winnipeg: Making History on the Strike of 1919

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Stace
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Winnipeg General Strike ◽  
General Strike ◽  
The Early 21St Century

This article examines the approaches that historians, beginning in the mid 20th century and into the early 21st century, used to write about the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. It focuses on five major works: The Winnipeg General Strike by D.C. Masters; Confrontation at Winnipeg by David J. Bercuson; The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917-1925 edited by Craig Heron; and When the State Trembled: How A.J. Andrews and the Citizens' Committee Broke the Winnipeg General Strike by Tom Mitchell and Reinhold Kramer. It identifies where the monographs depart from one another in interpretation; as well as where they remain the same. Given the layers of complexity, the interpretation of the event becomes especially salient in the 21st century as its 100th anniversary steadfastly approaches and the question of how should it be publicly presented in 2019 requires an answer soon (which the paper also addresses)

scholarly journals Neighbourhood and Sociocultural Values in the Lithuanian Ritual Year

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Rasa Paukštytė-Šaknienė ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sociocultural Values ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Research into the community customs in the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century in villages, towns, and cities near Vilnius allowed to distinguish two types of neighbourhoods: distant (official) and close (informal) ones. The first one was determined by territorial proximity, the second is revealed in more than just territory. The former is exposed also as a group formed around common interests, people, who are free to choose to spend leisure time or celebrate special occasions together. The festive communication results in sort of a ritual year of the neighbours, covering the common neighbours’ celebrations of life cycle as well as calendric cycle festivals and holidays. A close neighbourhood based on spending leisure time and celebrating together in some cases determines certain differences between neighbours of different religions. I’ll look at this process analyzing different types of settlements, showing the development of neighbourhood relations during the last 60 years.

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