scholarly journals Bio-oil transformation into 2nd generation biofuels

Paliva ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Tomáš Macek ◽  
Miloš Auersvald ◽  
Petr Straka
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Petroleum Feedstock ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
Marine Transport ◽  
Petroleum Fractions ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Refining Processes

The article summarized the possible transformations of pyrolysis bio-oil from lignocellulose into 2nd generation biofuels. Although a lot has been published about this topic, so far, none of the published catalytic pro-cesses has found commercial application due to the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Most researches deal with bio-oil hydrotreatment at severe conditions or its pro-cessing by catalytic cracking to prepare 2nd generation biofuels directly. However, this approach is not commercially applicable due to high consumptions of hydrogen and fast catalyst deactivation. Another way, crude bio-oil co-processing with petroleum fractions in hydrotreatment or FCC units seems to be more promising. The last approach, bio-oil mild hydrotreatment followed by final co-processing with petroleum feedstock using common refining processes (FCC and hydrotreatment) seems to be the most promising way to produce 2nd generation biofuels from pyrolysis bio-oil. Co-processing of bio-oil with petroleum fraction in FCC increases conversion to gasoline and, thus, it could be a preferable process in the USA. Otherwise, co-hydrotreatment of hydrotreated bio-oil with LCO leads not only to the reduction of hydrogen consumption but also to the conversion preferably to diesel. This process seems to be more suitable for Europe. Further research on bio-oils upgrading is still necessary before the commercialization of the bio-oil conversion into biofuels suitable for cars. However, the first commercial bio-refinery that will convert bio-oil into biofuel for marine transport is planned to be built in the Netherlands.

Co-processing of hydrothermal liquefaction algal bio-oil and petroleum feedstock to fuel-like hydrocarbons via fluid catalytic cracking

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez ◽  
Robert Pace ◽  
Tonya Morgan ◽  
Craig Behnke ◽  
Daniel J. Sajkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Petroleum Feedstock ◽  
Bio Oil

Catalytic cracking of model compounds of bio-oil over HZSM-5 and the catalyst deactivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 631-632 ◽  
pp. 1611-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanyi Chen ◽  
Ruixue Zhang ◽  
Wenchao Ma ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Xiangping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Bio Oil

scholarly journals A Model of Catalytic Cracking: Catalyst Deactivation Induced by Feedstock and Process Variables

Catalysts ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Galina Y. Nazarova ◽  
Elena N. Ivashkina ◽  
Emiliya D. Ivanchina ◽  
Maria Y. Mezhova
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Coke Formation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Coke Content ◽  
Petroleum Fractions ◽  
Spent Catalysts

Changes in the quality of the feedstocks generated by involving various petroleum fractions in catalytic cracking significantly affect catalyst deactivation, which stems from coke formed on the catalyst surface. By conducting experimental studies on feedstocks and catalysts, as well as using industrial data, we studied how the content of saturates, aromatics and resins (SAR) in feedstock and the main process variables, including temperature, consumptions of the feedstock, catalyst and slops, influence the formation of catalytic coke. We also determined catalyst deactivation patterns using TG-DTA, N2 adsorption and TPD, which were further used as a basis for a kinetic model of catalytic cracking. This model helps predict the changes in reactions rates caused by coke formation and, also, evaluates quantitatively how group characteristics of the feedstock, the catalyst-to-oil ratio and slop flow influence the coke content on the catalyst and the degree of catalyst deactivation. We defined that a total loss of acidity changes from 8.6 to 30.4 wt% for spent catalysts, and this depends on SAR content in feedstock and process variables. The results show that despite enriching the feedstock by saturates, the highest coke yields (4.6–5.2 wt%) may be produced due to the high content of resins (2.1–3.5 wt%).

An analytical microscopic study of metals in fluidized catalytic cracking catalyst

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 854-855
Author(s):  
Clifford S. Rainey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Coke Formation ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Y Zeolite ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Fluidized Catalytic Cracking ◽  
High Regeneration

The spatial distribution of V and Ni deposited within fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst is studied because these metals contribute to catalyst deactivation. Y zeolite in FCC microspheres are high SiO2 aluminosilicates with molecular-sized channels that contain a mixture of lanthanoids. They must withstand high regeneration temperatures and retain acid sites needed for cracking of hydrocarbons, a process essential for efficient gasoline production. Zeolite in combination with V to form vanadates, or less diffusion in the channels due to coke formation, may deactivate catalyst. Other factors such as metal "skins", microsphere sintering, and attrition may also be involved. SEM of FCC fracture surfaces, AEM of Y zeolite, and electron microscopy of this work are developed to better understand and minimize catalyst deactivation.

Production of Low‐carbon Light Olefins from Catalytic Cracking of Crude Bio‐oil

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan‐ni Yuan ◽  
Tie‐jun Wang ◽  
Quan‐xin Li
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Bio Oil

A new approach on catalytic cracking catalyst deactivation

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson P. Mart�nez ◽  
Andr�s M. Quesada P.
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
New Approach

scholarly journals Historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-382
Author(s):  
Oleksij Fomin ◽  
Alyona Lovska ◽  
Anatolii Horban
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Marine Transport ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Marine Engineering ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Basic Features

Sustainable development of the transport industry can be provided through the introduction of combined transport systems. And one of the most promising ones is the train ferry transport system which combines railway and marine transport facilities. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense, as it was described by Vinogradov at the example of Saratovskaya Pereprava (route) and by Karakashly and Shklyaruk at the example of the lighter Ishimbay which was loaded from the side. The authors have analyzed the development of the train ferry routes serviced by the ice-breaking train ferries Baikal across Lake Baikal, and the ferries Sakhalin linked mainland Russia and Sakhalin Island. The article deals with the peculiarities of transportation by trains ferries in the USA, Japan, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Germany, Lithuania, and some other countries, and presents the analysis of the operational features of Ukrainian train ferries which connect Ukraine with Bulgaria, Georgia, and Turkey. Besides, the article describes some peculiarities of the loading and transportation of passenger trains by train ferries. The study deals with structural peculiarities, and processing technology used for modern train ferries operating across the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Baltic Sea. The research is based on the analysis of works by Egorov (the Marine Engineering Bureau, Ukraine). The research emphasizes the importance of train ferry transportation for the sustainable development of national economies including the economy of Ukraine.

Production of Light Olefins from Catalytic Cracking Bio-oil Model Compounds over La2O3-Modified ZSM-5 Zeolite

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 5910-5922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuwei Li ◽  
Shilei Ding ◽  
Zhaohe Wang ◽  
Zhixia Li ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Bio Oil

A Brief History of Networked Classrooms to 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Abrahamson ◽  
Corey Brady
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
What Works ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
K 12

The original work spoke of a burgeoning sense of excitement surrounding networked classrooms and their growing use throughout universities worldwide. Today, the picture is more complex and substantially more interesting. Driving forces, which include growing acceptance of the evolving nature of teaching and learning, high quality experiments showing what works, and a revolution in the capability, cost, and ease of use of the enabling technologies, are changing the world of education. This is evidenced by the dramatic spread of networked classrooms: today almost every K-12 school and 1 in 6 classrooms in the USA have a system. This evolution, and the interwoven forces that have produced it, make an interesting tale. But, perhaps even more interesting is the future that these events portend. This paper tries to relate the past in order to look toward that future. Beginning with a brief history of early response systems, it takes up the story from the first author's own experience leading a team through hardware barriers, misconceptions about pedagogy, and subsequent classroom successes, to summarize the variety of uses of classroom networks, and how they can lead to improved teaching and learning. It then describes the struggles to evolve the technology from 1st to 2nd generation, and a subsequent nationwide randomized control trial in the teaching of Algebra, using this newer technology, which yielded significant gains in student learning. Finally, imbedded within the narrative, are growing revelations that show why this is such a potentially important area of study for improving education, and why more powerful types of modern systems appear imminent.

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