High Strength, Epoxy Cross-Linked High Sulfur Content Polymers from One-Step Reactive Compatibilization Inverse Vulcanization

Inverse vulcanization provides a simple, solvent-free method for the preparation of high sulfur content polymers using elemental sulfur, a byproduct of refining processes, as feedstock. Despite the successful demonstration of...

Metal Processes and Applications—An Overview

This chapter provides a consise overview of each metal’s physical properties, production, and recycling processes and application. Starting with lithium and ending with bismuth, the metals in the periodic table are covered from Al to Zn. In this way the relationship between each metal’s properties, applications, and processing becomes evident. To obtain the desired properties, and thus composition, for a particular application the refining processes are essential. While the fundamental principles are discussed in other chapters, here the focus is on how the technologies are applied to different metals. The chapter also allows for a systemic perspective that elucidates the interconnectedness between the metals and their production infrastructure. It provides insights that can be applied in primary production, recycling, residue treatment, technology development, alloy and product design, and substitution among others. This is essential to understand and implement the circular economy.

Refining of crude sulfate turpentine obtained from a kraft pulp mill: A pilot scale treatment

Crude sulfate turpentine (CST), a by-product of the kraft process, has commercial value that depends on the removal of sulfur compounds. The current study investigates desulfurization of CST using basic process steps for a paper mill at a pilot scale treatment. In another aspect, the sulfurous compounds in CST were removed by passing to the aqueous phase with terpin hydrate production, followed by α-terpineol conversion with citric acid catalysis. The goal was to design an environmentally friendly, low-cost, zero waste process and thereby refine the CST or byproducts to a quality that can produce chemical raw materials. Refining processes included hypochlorite oxidation, air oxidation, washing with water, and distillation. The sulfur content was decreased to 170, 106, and 29 ppm from respectively by 1260 ppm initial sulphur content of CST. The chlorine amount, due to treatment with hypochlorite oxidation, did not decrease with refining processes, even in distilled fraction. By obtaining α-terpineol from terpin hydrate, the sulfur compounds were completely removed. According to the GS-MS analysis results, distilled sulfate turpentine (DST) as the final product of the refining process of the CST sample increased the ratio with pinenes. On the other hand, with two reaction steps by obtaining terpin hydrate from CST and then α-terpineol, pinenes were converted to α-terpineol.

Sacrificial Protection Efficiency Calculations Based on the Results of Stochastically Simulating the Parameters

Unique corrosion conditions in oil refining processes lead to the necessity of using passive and active protection systems, aimed at preventing from damages and ensuring the correct operating conditions of machines. To prevent from the development of corrosion processes on the internal surfaces of horizontal settlers, sacrificial protection is used. Before installing such a protection, they usually calculate the number of protectors to be installed in parallel. Some inputs are stochastic by their nature, which should be considered in assessing the risk of non-achieving the required protection level. The probabilistic model proposed to calculate the parameters of sacrificial tank protection that allows performing an exploratory design based on considering various environmental aspects to decide on the efficiency of sacrificial protection and to assess the achievement of the required protection level.

Iron Elution from Iron and Steel Slag Using Bacterial Complex Identified from the Seawater

Iron and steel slag (ISS) is a byproduct of iron refining processes. The lack of iron in seawater can cause barren grounds where algae cannot grow. To improve the barren grounds of the sea, a supply of iron to the seawater is necessary. This study focused on bacteria interacting with ISS and promoting iron elution in seawater. Sulfitobacter sp. (TO1A) and Pseudomonas sp. (TO1B) were isolated from Tokyo Bay and Sagami Bay. The co-culture of both bacteria promoted more iron elution than individual cultures. After the incubation of both bacteria with ISS, quartz and vaterite appeared on the surface of the ISS. To maintain continuous iron elution from the ISS in the seawater, we also isolated Pseudoalteromonas sp. (TO7) that formed a yellow biofilm on the ISS. Iron was eluted by TO1A and TO1B, and biofilm was synthesized by TO7 continuously in the seawater. The present research is expected to contribute to the improvement of ISS usage as a material for the construction of seaweed forests.