IoT Based Flow Valve Control and Accounting System

The most important and necessary factor for all living individuals in the present world is water. Drinking water utilization suffers from many problems or difficulties in real-time execution. Nowadays, due to increasing population providing drinking water facilities to everywhere is a big challenge resulted in insufficiency of water. Water contamination is the main cause for scarcity of water. The main reasons for water pollution are use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and Industrialization. Due to this, Water gets contaminated and it causes severe problems like waterborne infections to individual lives and it also hazardous to aquatic life. Due to all this there is need for water quality checking in specific duration of time or regularly. Parameters that are to be checked to assess the water quality are Temperature, pH, turbidity and Salinity. Based on the measurement obtained about the parameter the water usage will be decided.

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Shale Gas Development and Drinking Water Quality

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.p20171133 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 107 (5) ◽

pp. 522-525 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Elaine Hill ◽

Lala Ma

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Shale Gas ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Water System ◽

Drinking Water Quality ◽

Water Sampling ◽

Difference In Differences ◽

Public Drinking Water ◽

Drinking Water Samples

Recent studies have linked shale gas development (SGD) to ground water contamination. The extent of these environmental externalities, to date, remains uncertain. To address this gap, we examine whether shale gas development systematically affects drinking water quality by creating a novel dataset that relates SGD to public drinking water samples in Pennsylvania. Our difference-in-differences strategy finds evidence that additional well pads drilled within 1 kilometer of a community water system intake increases shale gas-related contaminants in drinking water. These results are striking considering that our data are based on water sampling measurements taken after municipal treatment.

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Water Contamination

10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0019 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jeffery A. Foran ◽

Amaryl Griggs

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Surface Water ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Pollution Prevention ◽

Source Control ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Water Contaminants

This chapter describes water contamination and wastewater treatment. It reviews the current state of water availability and water quality globally. It describes types of surface water contaminants including metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury, pesticides such as atrazine, industrial chemicals including PCBs and PBDEs, and pathogens such as E. coli and Cryptosporidium. Sources of water pollutants and their effects on humans and the environment are also discussed. Environmental Protection Agency approaches to managing surface water quality under the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act are presented as are descriptions of operational approaches to drinking water and wastewater treatment. New approaches to managing water pollution, including source control and pollution prevention, are presented and challenges to the management of water quality, such as climate change, are discussed.

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Design of smart sensors for real time drinking water quality monitoring and contamination detection in water distributed mains

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.8921 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1.1) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. Kavi Priya ◽

G. Shenbagalakshmi ◽

T. Revathi

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Real Time ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Drinking Water Quality ◽

Quality Monitoring

Drinking Water Distribution Systems facilitate to carry portable water from water resources such as reservoirs, river, and water tanks to industrial, commercial and residential consumers through complex buried pipe networks. Determining the consequences of a water contamination event is an important concern in the field of water systems security and in drinking water distribution systems. The proposed work is based on the development of low cost fuzzy based water quality monitoring system using wireless sensor networks which is capable of measuring physiochemical parameters of water quality such as pH, temperature, conductivity, oxidation reduction potential and turbidity. Based on selected parameters a sensing unit is developed along with several microsystems for analog signal conditioning, data aggregation, sensor data analysis and logging, and remote representation of data to the consumers. Finally, algorithms for fusing the real time data and decision making using fuzzy logic at local level are developed to assess the water contamination risk. Based on the water contamination level in the distribution pipeline the drinking water quality is classified as acceptable/reject/desirable. When the contamination is detected, the sensing unit with ZigBee sends signals to close the solenoid valve inside the pipeline to prevent the flow of contaminated water supply and it intimates the consumers about drinking water quality through mobile app. Experimental results indicate that this low cost real time water quality monitoring system acts as an ideal early warning system with best detection accuracy. The derived solution can also be applied to different IoT (Internet of Things) scenario such as smart cities, the city transport system etc.

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Universal screening of private wells water quality in the Muntenia Region, Romania

SIMI 2019, Abstract Book - International Symposium "The Environmental and The Industry" ◽

10.21698/simi.2019.fp43 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 337-344

Author(s):

Gina Vasile Scaeteanu ◽

Roxana Maria Madjar ◽

George Adrian Peticila

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Universal Screening ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Point Of View ◽

Well Water ◽

Sampling Point ◽

Different Types ◽

Nitrate And Nitrite ◽

Private Wells

Drinking water quality is an actual and stringent problem and the presence of nitrate and nitrite ions above limits imposed by legislation may produce methemoglobinemia and different types of cancer. Because nitrate is odourless, colourless and tasteless is undetectable without tests and well water is recommended to be evaluated from this point of view, especially when in the proximity of the wells are activities which may contribute to water contamination. The present research was carried out with aim to achieve nitrate and nitrite levels from wells located in three areas from Muntenia region: Chiajna (Ilfov), Letca Noua (Giurgiu) and Manastirea (Calarasi). The obtained results evidenced that 10 from 14 analysed wells contain nitrate levels were over imposed limit, one of them located in Manastirea (Calarasi) being even 4 times higher. Regarding nitrite, water from one sampling point is over 0.5 mg/L, all the rest being lower and much lower than imposed limit.

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Centralized softening as a solution to chloride pollution: An empirical analysis based on Minnesota cities

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0246688 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0246688

Author(s):

Baishali Bakshi ◽

Elise M. Doucette ◽

Scott J. Kyser

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Effective Solution ◽

Water Softening ◽

Aquatic Life ◽

Home Based ◽

Water Plants ◽

Chloride Treatment

Chloride is a key component of salt, used in many activities such as alkali production, water treatment, and de-icing. Chloride entering surface and groundwater is a concern due to its toxicity to aquatic life and potential to degrade drinking water sources. Minnesota being a hard-water state, has a high demand for water softening. Recent research has found that home-based water softeners contribute significantly to chloride loading at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Because of this, many WWTPs would now require water quality based effluent limits (WQBELs) to comply with the state’s chloride water quality standards (WQS), unless they install chloride treatment technologies, which are limited and cost-prohibitive to most communities. A potential solution to this problem, is shifting from home-based water softening to a system where water is softened at drinking water plants, before reaching homes, i.e. centralized softening, analyzed in this paper based on its ability to address both chloride pollution and water softening needs, at reasonable cost. We estimate lifetime costs of three alternative solutions: centralized softening, home-based softening, and a Business as Usual (BAU) or baseline alternative, using annualized 20-year loan payments and Net Present Value (NPV), applied to 84 Minnesota cities with matching data on drinking water plants and WWTPs. We find that centralized softening using either Reverse Osmosis (RO) or lime-softening technologies is the more cost-effective solution, compared to the alternative of home-based softening with end-of-pipe chloride treatment, with a cost ratio in the range 1:3–1:4. Between the two centralized softening options, we find RO-softening to be the lower cost option, only slightly more costly (1.1 cost ratio) than the BAU option. Considering additional environmental and public health benefits, and cost savings associated with removal of home-based softeners, our results provide helpful information to multiple stakeholders interested in an effective solution to chloride pollution.

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On-line Water Quality Monitoring for Drinking Water Contamination

Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-382182-9.00038-4 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 266-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Szabo ◽

J. Hall

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Drinking Water Contamination ◽

On Line

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Tube Well Use as Protection Against Rotavirus Infection During the Monsoons in an Urban Setting

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz436 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 221 (2) ◽

pp. 238-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pamela P Martinez ◽

Ayesha S Mahmud ◽

Mohammad Yunus ◽

A S G Faruque ◽

Tahmeed Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Rotavirus A ◽

Oral Transmission ◽

Waterborne Infections ◽

Tube Wells ◽

Environmental Component ◽

Tube Well

Abstract Rotavirus, a diarrheal pathogen spread via fecal-oral transmission, is typically characterized by a winter incidence peak in most countries. Unlike for cholera and other waterborne infections, the role of sanitation and socioeconomic factors on the spatial variation of rotavirus seasonality remains unclear. In the current study, we analyzed their association with rotavirus seasonality, specifically the odds of monsoon cases, across 46 locations from 2001 to 2012 in Dhaka. Drinking water from tube wells, compared to other sources, has a clear protective effect against cases during the monsoon, when flooding and water contamination are more likely. This finding supports a significant environmental component of transmission.

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Water Quality and Health (Review of the Internationaal Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade)

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1991.0420 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 23 (1-3) ◽

pp. 229-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pál Benedek

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Drinking Water Supply ◽

Chemical Water ◽

Health Review ◽

Water Supply And Sanitation

A review is presented of the development of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) launched in 1981 and terminated in 1990. Health aspects of drinking water quality in relation to chemical water contamination are investigated and an outlook to the future is presented as far as the tasks of water pollution control are concerned.

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Drinking water quality and protection of resources

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering ◽

10.1556/irase.1.2010.1-2.8 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (1-2) ◽

pp. 51-54

Author(s):

J. Fettig

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

River Water ◽

Spring Water ◽

Public Water Supply ◽

Legal Requirements ◽

Reservoir Water ◽

Water Lake ◽

Treatment Step

Abstract The structure of public water supply in Germany and the water resources used are briefly described. An overview over the legal requirements for drinking water is given, and the sources for contaminants are outlined. Then the multiple-barrier approach is discussed with respect to the resources groundwater and spring water, lake and reservoir water, and river water. Examples for treatment schemes are given and the principle of subsurface transport of river water as a first treatment step is described.

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