Drinking water quality and protection of resources

Abstract The structure of public water supply in Germany and the water resources used are briefly described. An overview over the legal requirements for drinking water is given, and the sources for contaminants are outlined. Then the multiple-barrier approach is discussed with respect to the resources groundwater and spring water, lake and reservoir water, and river water. Examples for treatment schemes are given and the principle of subsurface transport of river water as a first treatment step is described.

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Diversitas Makrofauna Kaitannya Dengan Kualitas Air Sungai Metro Kecamatan Lowokwaru Kota Malang

BIOSAINTROPIS (BIOSCIENCE-TROPIC) ◽

10.33474/e-jbst.v6i1.286 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 28-32

Author(s):

Novi Komariah ◽

Saimul Laili ◽

Hari Santoso

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Resources ◽

River Water ◽

Natural Resource ◽

River Flow ◽

Diversity Index ◽

River Water Quality ◽

Living Things ◽

Quantitative Descriptive ◽

Macrofauna Community

Water is a natural resource that is needed for the life of human being, even for all the creatures. Therefore, these water resources must be protected so that humans and other living things can be utilized properly. The macrofauna community defines whether the water quality is good or not. The study of the effect of river water quality on the diversity of macrofauna in the Metro river flow of Lowokwaru Subdistrict, Malang City aims to determine the effect of river water quality and to compare the diversity of macrofauna in several Metro river locations in Lowokwaru District, Malang. The method used is quantitative descriptive by calculating the Shanon Winner diversity index. The results obtained for station I amounted to 1.95 classified as lightly polluted, at station II the results were 1,007 which were classified as moderately polluted, and at station III the results were 0.69 which were classified as heavily polluted. Key Words: water quality, macro fauna, Metro river ABSTRAK Air merupakan sumber daya alam yang diperlukan untuk kebutuhan hidup orang banyak, bahkan oleh semua makhluk hidup. Oleh karena itu, sumber daya air tersebut harus di lindungi agar tetap dapat di manfaatkan dengan baik oleh manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya. Komunitas makrofauna menentukan kualitas air baik atau tidak. Penelitian tentang pengaruh kualitas air sungai terhadap keragaman makrofauna di aliran sungai Metro Kecamatan Lowokwaru kota Malang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitas air sungai dan untuk membandingkan keanekaragaman makrofauna di beberapa lokasi aliran sungai Metro Kecamatan Lowokwaru kota Malang. Metode yang di gunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif dengan melakukan perhitungan indeks keanekaragaman Shanon Winner. Indeks keanekaragaman yang di hasilkan pada stasiun I sebesar 1,95 yang tergolong tercemar ringan, pada stasiun II indeks keanekaragaman yang di hasilkan sebesar 1,007 yang tergolong tercemar sedang, dan pada stasiun III di dapat hasil indeks keanekaragaman 0,69 yang tergolong tercemar berat. Kata kunci: Kualitas air, makrofauna, sungai metro.

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The history and present of public drinking water supply and its regionalisation in Debrecen

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/51/2080 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 147-151

Author(s):

Sándor Nagy

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Public Water Supply ◽

Considerable Decrease ◽

The Public ◽

Public Drinking Water ◽

History Of ◽

Sanitation Systems ◽

Regional Water

The public water supply played a major role in the urbanization of Debrecen city, just like in the case of many other cities. We had plenty of water and so we wasted it. However nowadays we experience a considerable decrease in the level of groundwater which causes an increasing need of energy for pumping. Beside the above mentioned the ecological threat and the decreasing water quality are also major problems. This study attempts to draw attention to the possibilities and the future of the regional water supply, by showing the history of the water supply, the sanitation systems of Debrecen and their present day activities.

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The Storage and Water Quality Characteristics of Rungiri Quarry Reservoir in Kiambu, Kenya, as a Potential Source of Urban Water

Hydrology ◽

10.3390/hydrology6040093 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 93 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Winfred Kilonzo ◽

Patrick Home ◽

Joseph Sang ◽

Beatrice Kakoi

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

World Health ◽

Urban Water ◽

Water Quality Status ◽

Quality Status

Urbanization has caused limitations on water resources, while climate change has reduced amounts of surface water in some parts of the world. Kikuyu, a suburban area in Kiambu county, Kenya, is facing this challenge. The major challenge in the study is scarcity of potable water, resulting in inadequate water supply to Kikuyu residents. Currently, only 63.6% of the population is being supplied with water by Kikuyu Water Company, the company mandated to supply water to the area. Water demand was 2972 m3/day in 2015 and was projected to be 3834 m3/day by 2025. This has put pressure on the already exploited clean water resources, making it necessary to seek additional sources of domestic water. Storage capacity and water quality of surface water bodies, especially small reservoirs whose water can be used to ease the demand, need to be assessed for supplemental water supply. This study aimed at assessing the suitability of the abandoned quarry reservoir as a source of potable urban water by determining its storage capacity characteristics and water quality status. Volume characteristics were determined using bathymetry survey in January 2019. Water samples were collected in January and August 2019 and analyzed for chemical, physical, and bacteriological quality, as per the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard methods for water and wastewater. Parameters were evaluated based on World Health Organization (WHO) and Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) guidelines for drinking water, and rated based on the drinking water quality index (WQI). The reservoir’s maximum storage capacity was found to be 128,385 m3, the surface area was 17,699 m2, and the maximum depth was 15.11 m. Nineteen of the twenty-five investigated parameters were within the acceptable standards. However, the concentrations of manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), turbidity, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were above the acceptable limits. Manganese and iron levels increased with depth. The overall WQI of the reservoir was 82.51 and 85.85 in January and August, respectively. Therefore, based on WQI rating, the water scored a good quality rating and could be used for domestic supply upon treatment. The original achievement of this study is establishment of the volume of the water in the quarry as an additional source of water to the nearby community, along with water quality status.

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Evaluation water quality of Diyala River in Iraq using Bhargava method

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201816205001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 162 ◽

pp. 05001

Author(s):

Nawar Al-Musawi

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

River Water ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

The Third ◽

Tigris River ◽

Good For ◽

Diyala River

Diyala River is a tributary of Tigris River, it is one of the important rivers in Iraq. It covers a total distance of 445 km (275 miles). 32600 km2 is the area that drains by Diyala River between Iraqi-Iranian borders. This research aims to evaluate the water quality index WQI of Diyala River, where three stations were chosen along the river. These stations are D12 at Jalawlaa City at the beginning of Diyala River, the second station is D15 at Baaquba City at the mid distance of the river, and the third station is D17 which is the last station before the confluence of Diyala River with Tigris River at Baghdad city. Bhargava method was used in order to evaluate the water quality index for both irrigation and drinking uses. The results indicated that Diyala river water quality at its beginning was excellent for irrigation and good for drinking, while at the mid distance of the river, it was good for irrigation but heavily polluted and unsafe for drinking. Water quality of the river at the third site was acceptable for irrigation but again severely polluted and unsafe for drinking.

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Rural Drinking Water Quality Status in Central Development Region, Nepal: A Comparative Study of Spring water and Ground water

Hydro Nepal Journal of Water Energy and Environment ◽

10.3126/hn.v9i0.7074 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 52-56

Author(s):

Bishnu Pandey ◽

Suman Shakya

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Ground Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Water Sources ◽

Spring Water ◽

Drinking Water Quality ◽

Development Region ◽

Water Quality Status ◽

Quality Status

This study assesses the rural drinking water quality status in Central Development Region of Nepal. With a total of 250 samples collected from 15 districts of the region, drinking water quality of spring water and ground water representing hill and Terai (lowland) regions were tested and compared for their physicochemical parameters and faecal coliform contamination.None of the spring samples as well as ground water samples violated National Drinking Water Standards (NDWS) for electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), appearance, chloride and nitrate. Similarly none violated the standards for total hardness (TH) indicating soft nature of the water. The spring samples were within the NDWS for manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) whereas 15.4% and 39.0% of the ground water samples violated the standards for manganese and iron, respectively. Gravity water is found to be more alkaline than ground water. Faecal coliforms were the most problematic in both types of sources followed by Ammonia (NH3) and pH in spring sources and by iron, Mn, pH and ammonia in ground water sources, respectively. Spring sources were more contaminated by bacteria than ground water sources. Correlation and regression analysis revealed highly significant correlations between EC and TDS (r=0.979) and between CaH and TH (r=0.988) in ground water suggesting that aquifer chemistry of ground water to be mainly controlled by EC, TDS, TH, and CaH. Similarly, highly significant correlations were found between the following pairs in gravity water: EC and TDS (r=0.983), TA and TDS(r=0.853), CaH and TDS (r=0.912), TH and TDS (r=0.955), EC and CaH (r=0.898), and between CaH and TH (r=0.951).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7074 Hydro Nepal Vol.9 July 2011 52-56

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The Establishment of Principal Component Analysis Assessment Model for Drinking Water Quality of City Resource

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.960 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 675-677 ◽

pp. 960-963

Author(s):

Li Feng Sun ◽

Qing Jie Qi ◽

Xiao Liang Zhao ◽

Rui Feng Li

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Principal Component ◽

Water Source ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Assessment Model ◽

Affecting Factors

In order to effectively control pollution of sources of drinking water, improve the environmental quality of drinking water and guarantee the sanitation of drinking water, it is very important to assess water source quality. Main factors of drinking water were identified. Then principal component analysis was used to establish assessment model of drinking water, which could ensure that under the condition that the primitive data information was in the smallest loss, a small number of variables were used to replace the integrated multi-dimensional variables to simplify the data structure. The weightings of principal component were determinated as theirs pollution ratios. This paper was based on the theoretical study of principal component analysis, used the monitoring data on water quality of the main water resources in 2013 to evaluate and analyze the water quality of water resources. Analysis content included the main affecting factors, cause of pollution and the degree of pollution.The resulted showed that: the main affecting factors on water quality of Fo Si water source was CODMn, TP, fluoride.

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Adaptive management and governance of Delaware River water resources

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2012.077 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 364-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lynn A. Mandarano ◽

Robert J. Mason

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

River Water ◽

Adaptive Management ◽

Flood Control ◽

Cold Water ◽

Drinking Water Supply ◽

Management Approach ◽

Delaware River

This paper articulates the complexities of adaptively managing Delaware River water resources to meet shifting priorities of drinking water supply, drought mitigation and flood mitigation, as well as conflicting stakeholder interests. In particular, the paper examines the short-term and long-term programs that comprise the Delaware River Basin Commission's (DRBC) and the 1954 US Supreme Court Decree parties' successful adaptive management approach that seeks to balance the growing list of demands for water resources management, including drinking water supply, drought management, flood control and cold water fisheries protection. Review of the DRBC's adaptive governance approach reveals the critical complexities of designing experimental, yet science-driven management approaches and effectively engaging various sets of stakeholders in the associated decision-making processes.

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Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in Iraq

10.47260/jesge/1124 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 161-199

Author(s):

Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽

Sabbar Saleh ◽

Twana Abdullahand ◽

Salwan Ali Abed

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Middle East ◽

Human Life ◽

Water Levels ◽

Aquifer System ◽

Surface Water And Groundwater

Insufficiency of water resources in the Middle East Region represents vital factors that influence the stability of the region and its progress. Expectations indicate that the condition will be dimmer and more complicated, especially in Iraqi territory. Iraq, which is situated in the Middle East, it covers an area of 433,970 square kilometers and populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a surface water resources, and several productive groundwater aquifers in which from the hydrogeological point of view divided into several major aquifer units including Foothill, Al-Jazira, Aquifer System, Mandali-Badra-Teeb, Mesopotamian and Desert Aquifer system. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors affecting the water quality of water resources; they are controlled and uncontrolled factors. The uncontrolled factors are climate change and its consequences, such as reduction of precipitation and temperature increasing. The controlled factors have a significantly negative influence on water resources, but their effects involve more specific regions. The controlled factors are mainly represented by building dams and irrigation projects within the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Al-Tharthar Scheme, waste water, solid wastes and wastes from wars, which has a significant effect on surface water in Iraq because about 80% of the water supply to Euphrates and Tigris Rivers come from Turkey. In addition, the pressures resulting from the high demand for water resources, and the continued decline in their quantity rates have led to major changes in the hydrological condition in Iraq during the past 30 years. The decrease in surface water levels and precipitation during these three decades reflects the drop in the levels of water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers to the unexpected levels. The level of main country’s water source, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers has fallen to less than a third of its natural levels. As storage capacity depreciates, the government estimates that its water reserves have been reduced precariously. According to the survey from the Ministry of Water Resources, millions of Iraqi people have faced a severe shortage of drinking water. Since of the importance of water for human life and the need to monitor temporal and spatial changes in quality and quantity, there is a need to develop a general Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI) to monitor surface water and groundwater and classify it into five categories, very good, good, acceptable, bad and very bad, in terms of suitability for domestics, irrigation and agriculture depending on the Iraqi and WHO standards for drinking water. In addition, strict establishment for the regular quantitative monitoring surface water and groundwater setting and processes. Prospects are more negative for all riparian countries. This implies that solving these problems requires actual and serious international, regional, and national cooperation to set a prudent plan for water resources management of the two basins. Iraq being the most affected country should seriously set a prudent, scientific, and strategic plan for the management and conservation of its water resources. Keywords: Pollution, Water Quality, Waste, Surface water, Groundwater, Iraq.

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Water quality assessment based on microbiological parameter indicators for drinking water criteria on the Wadaslintang Reservoir

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202020205019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 202 ◽

pp. 05019

Author(s):

Diana R. U. S. Rahayu ◽

Sutrisno Anggoro ◽

Tri R. Soeprobowati

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Government Regulation ◽

Water Quality Management ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Most Probable Number ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Raw Water ◽

Reservoir Water ◽

Probable Number

Wadaslintang Reservoir has potential as a source of raw water for drinking water. One indicator to determine water quality is to use coliform bacteria. The purpose of this study is to determine the water quality of the Wadaslintang Reservoir as a source of drinking water based on microbiological parameters by referring to Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2001 concerning water quality management and water pollution control. The water sampling method is based on purposive sampling at ten research stations for eight months, microbiological analysis using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The results showed that the status of the Wadaslintang Reservoir was polluted based on total coliform criteria. Utilization of reservoir water as raw water for drinking water needs to be done further processing to anticipate deterioration in health.

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