Study of ALDH from Thermus thermophilus–Expression, Purification and Characterisation of the Non-Substrate Specific, Thermophilic Enzyme Displaying Both Dehydrogenase and Esterase Activity

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), found in all kingdoms of life, form a superfamily of enzymes that primarily catalyse the oxidation of aldehydes to form carboxylic acid products, while utilising the cofactor NAD(P)+. Some superfamily members can also act as esterases using p-nitrophenyl esters as substrates. The ALDHTt from Thermus thermophilus was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and purified to obtain high yields (approximately 15–20 mg/L) and purity utilising an efficient heat treatment step coupled with IMAC and gel filtration chromatography. The use of the heat treatment step proved critical, in its absence decreased yield of 40% was observed. Characterisation of the thermophilic ALDHTt led to optimum enzymatic working conditions of 50 °C, and a pH of 8. ALDHTt possesses dual enzymatic activity, with the ability to act as a dehydrogenase and an esterase. ALDHTt possesses broad substrate specificity, displaying activity for a range of aldehydes, most notably hexanal and the synthetic dialdehyde, terephthalaldehyde. Interestingly, para-substituted benzaldehydes could be processed efficiently, but ortho-substitution resulted in no catalytic activity. Similarly, ALDHTt displayed activity for two different esterase substrates, p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl butyrate, but with activities of 22.9 and 8.9%, respectively, compared to the activity towards hexanal.

Reverse Osmosis Treatment of Wastewater for Reuse as Process Water—A Case Study

The aim of this work was to purify mixed wastewater from three different production processes in such a manner that they could be reused as process water. The maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) from the Environmental Standards for emissions of substances released into surface water were set as target concentrations. Wastewaters contained solid particles, sodium, aluminium, chloride, and nitrogen in high amounts. Quantitatively, most wastewaters were generated in the production line of alumina washing. The second type of wastewater was generated from the production line of boehmite. The third type of wastewater was from regeneration of ion exchangers, which are applied for feed boiler water treatment. The initial treatment step of wastewater mixture was neutralisation, using 35% HCl. The precoat filtration followed, and the level of suspended solids was reduced from 320 mg/L to only 9 mg/L. The concentrations of ions, such as aluminium, sodium and chlorides remained above the MAC. Therefore, laboratory reverse osmosis was applied to remove the listed pollutants from the water. We succeeded in removal of all the pollutants. The concentration of aluminium decreased below 3 mg/L, the sodium to 145 mg/L and chlorides to 193 mg/L. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen decreased below 20 mg/L.

Utilization of agro-industrial by-products in Monascus fermentation: a review

The Monascus fermentation industry has gained global attention. Its key products, i.e., pigments, functional food ingredients, food supplements, and medicinal use, are growing in the world’s market. Efforts to find the cost-effective substrate for Monascus fermentation have remained the target. This paper aimed to appraise the utilization of agro-industrial by-products (cereal, starchy tuber and root, legume, fruit, and coffee processing) as a cost-effective substrate for Monascus fermentation. The specific objective was to review the by-products pre-treatment, the fermentation process, product yield, and the bioactivity of the fermented products. Among all the by-products that could be used as the fermentation substrate, cereal brans do not need pre-treatment, but others need a suitable pre-treatment step, e.g., cassava peel, okara, and jackfruit seed to list a few, that need to be powdered beforehand. Other substrates, such as corn cob and durian seed, need soaking and size reduction through the pre-treatment step. During fermentation, Monascus produce many pigments, monacolin K, associated with rise in phenolic and flavonoid contents. These products possess antioxidant, antihypercholesterol, antidiabetes, and antiatherosclerosis activities which underpin their health significance. In conclusion, we report in this review the agro-industrial by-products which have potential prospects for pigments, functional food ingredients, food supplements, and therapeutic usages produced from Monascus fermentation.

Chemically Enhanced Biodegradation of High Organic Matter in Wastewater – Confectionary Plant Effluents

The study explored the merit of chemically enhanced biodegradation of high organic matter as a sustainable treatment scheme for industrial wastewaters. For this purpose, an integrated, chemically enhanced activated sludge configuration was tested for confectionary effluents with a COD level of around 10.000 mg L-1. In this configuration, chemical settling acted as a polishing step, which removed 50% of the total COD load, including 10% of colloidal COD in the soluble COD range. The sequential batch reactor, selected as the final biological treatment step, was able to remove the remaining biodegradable COD completely. The study primarily demonstrated the merit of in-plant pollution footprint assessment and wastewater characterization with significant COD fractions as necessary prerequisites for the management and final biodegradation of industrial wastewaters with high organic matter content.

ANALISIS KETIDAKLENGKAPAN REKAM MEDIS RAWAT INAP DI RUMAH SAKIT

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Analisis ketidaklengkapan pengisian rekam medis sangat diperlukan, guna mengetahui seberapa besar angka ketidaklengkapan pengisian catatan medis (AKLPCM) di RSU Mitra Medika pada tahun 2018. Ditemukan bahwa dari seluruh berkas rekam medis pasien pulang dari rumah sakit terdapat 13.279 berkas terdapat ketidaklengkapan pengisian sebanyak 7,66% (1.017) berkas. Salah satu diantaranya adalah ketidaklengkapan pengisian resume medis, ketidaklengkapan pengisian identitas pasien sebanyak 5 formulir (16,6%), anamnese 4 (13,3%), pemeriksaan fisik 2 (6,6%), diagnosa 1 (6,6%), pemeriksaan penunjang 4 (13,3%) dan tindakan medis sebanyak 2 formulir (6,6%). Tujuan : Tujuan dari literature review ini adalah untuk untuk menganalisis Ketidaklengkapan Rekam Medis Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit. Metode : penelitian ini menggunakan desain literature review yaitu uraian tentang teori, bahan dan isi penelitian yang mengkaji tentang ketidaklengkapan rekam medis rawat inap di rumah sakit berdasarkan literature yang di review. Hasil : berdasarkan 8 jurnal di jelaskan bahwa Pengisian ketidaklengkapan rekam medis dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tidak lengkap masih tinggi pada angka 100% menandahkan kejadian ketidaklengkapan masih sering terjadi dan tidak sesuai dengan standart kelengkapan berkas rekam medis. Kesimpulan : Mengadakan monitoring evaluasi minimal 1 minggu sekali, membuat tim monitoring kelengkapan berkas untuk memantau pelaksanaan rekam medis di rumah sakit Kesimpulan : Mengadakan monitoring evaluasi minimal 1 minggu sekali, membuat tim monitoring kelengkapan berkas untuk memantau pelaksanaan rekam medis di rumah sakit Kata Kunci : Ketidaklengkapan rekam medis, Rawat Inap, Langkah meningkatkan kelengkapan ABSTRACT Background: incompleteness analysis of medical record-charging is essential, in order to see how high the incompleteness of medical records (aklpcm) in medika's partner-general general in 2018. It was found that from all the records of patients returning from the hospital there were 13,279 files of this incompleteness charging 7.66% (1,017) of the files. One is the incompleteness of medical resumes, the incompleteness of the patient's 5 forms (166%), anamnese 4 (13.3%), physical 2 (6.6%), diagnostic 1 (6.6%), 4 (13.3%) and 2 forms (6.6%) medical action. Purpose: the purpose of this literature review is to analyze the incompleteness of hospital hospital medical records. Method: the study USES the design literature review, which is a description of theory, the material and content of the study that deals with the incompleteness of medical hospital records based on the literature contained in the review. Results: according to 8 journals explain that the application of incompleteness of medical records from research shows that incomplete remains high at 100% indicating an occurrence of incompleteness is still frequent and incompatible with the standard for a medical record file. Conclusion: install a minimum evaluation monitoring once a week, creating a file monitoring team to monitor medical records at the hospital. Keywords: of incompleteness medical records, inpatient treatment, step up completeness

Development of a Complex Treatment Process for Recycling Household Laundry Water

The goal of our research is to study the treatment possibilities of the laundry water fraction of domestic greywater as an alternative water source, as well as to apply a complex treatment method with which we obtain purified greywater. This treated water can be used during household tasks that do not require drinking water. By optimizing each treatment step, we determined a complex process with the following steps: coagulation- quartz sand filtration-oxidation. We also investigated the usability of purified greywater for irrigation by performing a standardized seedling test and determining the SAR factor. In conclusion, based on the measured and analysed water analytical parameters, we have successfully applied an appropriate complex treatment method, using optimal amounts of chemicals, which according to international recommendations can be potentially reused at household level, and can also be used for irrigation purposes.

Eyes wide shut: necessity and effect of adjunctive procedures after decompression surgery in patients with endocrine orbitopathy

Background Orbital decompression surgery is frequently the last therapeutic measure in the surgical treatment of endocrine orbitopathy (EO). Additional rehabilitative and corrective surgical treatments are often used to improve the resulting eyelid stigmata, such as an increased lid aperture and scleral show. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of adjunctive surgical procedures after orbital decompression surgery in patients with EO. Methods A total of 120 orbitae from 65 patients with EO from 2010 to 2020 at a tertiary care center in Germany were retrospectively evaluated. Ocular surface area (OSA) and vertical palpebral fissures were three-dimensionally analyzed at the following stages: presurgical decompression, postsurgical decompression, and post-adjunctive surgical procedures. For the analysis of vertical palpebral fissures, predefined vertical line distances were measured on the upper and lower lids in the central, medial, and lateral pupillary regions. Results The initial OSA was 2,98 ± 0.85 cm2, and it decreased significantly after decompression surgery to 2.52 ± 0.62 cm2. After adjunct surgical procedures, OSA further decreased to 2,31 ± 0,55 cm2. Furthermore, a statistically significant reduction in all pupillary parameters was noted after each treatment step. More lid-lengthening procedures were performed on the lower lid than on the upper lid. Canthoplasty (n = 13) was the most frequently performed procedure during rehabilitation. Conclusion Surgical decompression surgery improves OSA and leads to a significant reduction in lid aperture. Adjunctive surgical procedures, addressing the upper and lower lid, have a significant influence on the ongoing clinical course and contribute to a reduction in OSA.

Characterization of microbial regrowth potential shaped by advanced drinking water treatment

Microbial regrowth in premise plumbing is a threat to water safety. Disinfectant residuals are often diminished during water transportation and stagnation, leading to the regrowth of opportunistic pathogens. Although microbial regrowth potential is mostly determined by water treatment, little is known about how each treatment step affects two key factors that contribute to microbial regrowth potential: biodegradable organic matter and microbial abundance. In this study, we operated annular reactors to evaluate the microbial regrowth potential of water shaped after each treatment step in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant with ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration. The assimilable organic carbon and total cell count (TCC) were stable at all treatment steps during the sampling period from July to October 2015. The assimilable organic carbon consumption and TCC net increase in the annular reactors indicated that apparent growth yields (cell number base) of microbial communities were different in each reactor. Regrowth potential evaluated by indigenous microbial community in finished water was reduced to 22% of that in raw water, while 75% of assimilable organic carbon in raw water remained in finished water. It suggested that treatment performance evaluated by indigenous microbial communities was better than that evaluated by assimilable organic carbon.