scholarly journals Centralized softening as a solution to chloride pollution: An empirical analysis based on Minnesota cities

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246688
Author(s):  
Baishali Bakshi ◽  
Elise M. Doucette ◽  
Scott J. Kyser
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Water Plants ◽  
Chloride Treatment

Chloride is a key component of salt, used in many activities such as alkali production, water treatment, and de-icing. Chloride entering surface and groundwater is a concern due to its toxicity to aquatic life and potential to degrade drinking water sources. Minnesota being a hard-water state, has a high demand for water softening. Recent research has found that home-based water softeners contribute significantly to chloride loading at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Because of this, many WWTPs would now require water quality based effluent limits (WQBELs) to comply with the state’s chloride water quality standards (WQS), unless they install chloride treatment technologies, which are limited and cost-prohibitive to most communities. A potential solution to this problem, is shifting from home-based water softening to a system where water is softened at drinking water plants, before reaching homes, i.e. centralized softening, analyzed in this paper based on its ability to address both chloride pollution and water softening needs, at reasonable cost. We estimate lifetime costs of three alternative solutions: centralized softening, home-based softening, and a Business as Usual (BAU) or baseline alternative, using annualized 20-year loan payments and Net Present Value (NPV), applied to 84 Minnesota cities with matching data on drinking water plants and WWTPs. We find that centralized softening using either Reverse Osmosis (RO) or lime-softening technologies is the more cost-effective solution, compared to the alternative of home-based softening with end-of-pipe chloride treatment, with a cost ratio in the range 1:3–1:4. Between the two centralized softening options, we find RO-softening to be the lower cost option, only slightly more costly (1.1 cost ratio) than the BAU option. Considering additional environmental and public health benefits, and cost savings associated with removal of home-based softeners, our results provide helpful information to multiple stakeholders interested in an effective solution to chloride pollution.

Public Health and Water Quality Significance of Viral Diseases Transmitted by Drinking Water and Recreational Water

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J Cabelli
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Sampling Station ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Recreational Water

A review of the available information from case and outbreak reports and the results of prospective and retrospective studies revealed that the potential for the spread of viral diseases by the use of fecally contaminated drinking and recreational water has only been realized for infectious hepatitis and viral gastroenteritis. These two, however, are the most serious and prevalent, respectively, of the water-related diseases. A model is described for predicting the beach specific, swimming-associated rates and annual number of cases of gastroenteritis. The inputs are the swimming-associated, gastroenteritis rate-bathing water enterococcus density regression equation developed from the USEPA prospective epidemiologic-microbiologic studies and the distribution of enterococcus density estimates and annual number of swimmers at the beach in question. In general, the gastroenteritis rates predicted from the enterococcus model were less than those from the corresponding E. coli model. Detectable rates at the 75 percentile level and rates approaching or exceeding 5/1000 swimmers at the 90 percentile level were predicted for 7 and 14, respectively, of the 87 sampling station-beach associations. All but one of the fourteen stations were potentially impacted by known municipal wastewater discharges and two of the associated beaches were posted as unsafe for swimming. The inapplicability of the model to beaches impacted with small, immediate sources of fecal wastes or stormwater run-off is noted. The limitations in the use of findings from the analysis of outbreak reports in the evaluation and establishment of water quality criteria and, hence, the need for prospective, drinking water and shellfish epidemiological studies is discussed. The need for such studies also derives from the results of the bathing beach study in that they suggest that cases of gastroenteritis are occurring with acceptable drinking and shellfish growing waters. The need for tissue culture enumerative methods for the viral gastroenteritis agents and methodology for determining the biological decay coefficients for these agents and their indicators is noted.

scholarly journals IoT Based Flow Valve Control and Accounting System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S) ◽  
pp. 711-714
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Waterborne Infections ◽  
Valve Control ◽  
Present World ◽  
Flow Valve

The most important and necessary factor for all living individuals in the present world is water. Drinking water utilization suffers from many problems or difficulties in real-time execution. Nowadays, due to increasing population providing drinking water facilities to everywhere is a big challenge resulted in insufficiency of water. Water contamination is the main cause for scarcity of water. The main reasons for water pollution are use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and Industrialization. Due to this, Water gets contaminated and it causes severe problems like waterborne infections to individual lives and it also hazardous to aquatic life. Due to all this there is need for water quality checking in specific duration of time or regularly. Parameters that are to be checked to assess the water quality are Temperature, pH, turbidity and Salinity. Based on the measurement obtained about the parameter the water usage will be decided.

scholarly journals Evaluation and comparison of centralized drinking water softening technologies: Effects on water quality indicators

2021 ◽  
pp. 117439
Author(s):  
Camilla Tang ◽  
Martin Rygaard ◽  
Per S. Rosshaug ◽  
John B. Kristensen ◽  
Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Water Quality Indicators

scholarly journals Caries affected by calcium and fluoride in drinking water and family income

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Erik Arvin ◽  
Allan Bardow ◽  
Henrik Spliid
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Family Income ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Water quality and socioeconomics influence caries in populations. This study broadens previous studies on how caries is associated with fluoride and calcium in drinking water and with family income by quantifying the combined effect of the three independent variables. The effects of calcium and fluoride can be described as independent effects of the two ions or, alternatively, in the form of saturation with respect to fluorite (CaF2). A general linear model describes this relationship with high significance and the model confirms the important protective effect of calcium and fluoride, independently against caries. From the model, the relative importance of fluoride and calcium to protect against caries is quantified. The relationship between caries and family income is also highly significant. It is illustrated how the linear model can be applied in planning and analyzing drinking water softening in relation to caries.

Drinking water quality and protection of resources

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
J. Fettig
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
River Water ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Water Lake ◽  
Treatment Step

Abstract The structure of public water supply in Germany and the water resources used are briefly described. An overview over the legal requirements for drinking water is given, and the sources for contaminants are outlined. Then the multiple-barrier approach is discussed with respect to the resources groundwater and spring water, lake and reservoir water, and river water. Examples for treatment schemes are given and the principle of subsurface transport of river water as a first treatment step is described.

EVALUATION ON THE RURAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN A CENTRALIZED SUPPLIED AREA OF CHINA

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendong Wang ◽  
Shan Song ◽  
Zixia Qiao ◽  
Qin Yang ◽  
Mengmeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Quality

Evaluation of Ground Water Quality For AL Shuwayja area –Wasit Provence Using GIS Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ali Nasser Hilo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Water Index ◽  
The City

The low level of water in rivers in Iraq leads to poor water quality, on that basis; we need to assess Iraq's water resources for uses of irrigation and drinking water. This study present a model accounts for ground water quality by using a water quality index (WQI) for the region defined between the city of Kut and the city of Badra in Wasit province. this study relies on a system of wells set up along the path through the Badra –Kut  and around it  up to 78 wells. The study showed poor quality of ground water in the region of study and it is unsuitability for irrigation and drinking water, as well as provided a solution to the water accumulated in the Shuwayja to reduce the bad effect on groundwater by using a system of branch and collection canals  then pumping at the effluent  of Al  Shuwayja in seasons of rainy season ..Water quality index calculated depend on the basis of various physic-chemical parameters as PH, Ec , TDS, TSS, Nacl , SO4 ,Na , and  Mg. The resultant and analytical are present with use of Arch GIS program – geostastical analysis for the water index and water quality parameters

Drinking-Water Quality and Intestinal Infectious Diseases in a Colombian Department, 2010-2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Dora Cardona Rivas ◽  
Militza Yulain Cardona Guzmán ◽  
Olga Lucía Ocampo López
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To characterize the burden of intestinal infectious diseases attributable to drinking-water quality in 27 municipalities in the central region of Colombia. Materials and methods: A time-trend ecological study. The drinking-water quality of the National Institute of Health and the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies was identified. The disease burden was calculated based on the mortality registered in the National Department of Statistics and the records of morbidity attended by the Social Protection Integrated Information System. The etiological agents reported in morbidity records and the observation of environmental conditions in the municipalities of the study were included. The disease burden was determined according to the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

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