scholarly journals On the High Frequency Response of Grounding Electrodes: Effect of Soil Dielectric Constant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamdad Salarieh ◽  
H. M. Jeewantha De Silva ◽  
behzad kordi
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Permittivity ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Accurate Estimation

<div><b>"This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in IET Generation, Transmission & Distibution (GTD) and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at the IET Digital Library."</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Abstract:</b><br></div><div>Grounding electrodes have an important role in electric power transmission and distribution systems. They are used to prevent excessive hazardous voltages between metallic structures and ground in the case of system faults or lightning surges. It is important that they provide a low impedance path for the current in to the ground. The electrical properties of soil, which vary substantially with geographical location and time of year, affect the process considerably along with the properties of the grounding electrode itself, such as its dimensions.</div>In order to have an accurate estimation of the developed overvoltages and the backflashover rate of the transmission lines due to a lightning strike, one has to take into account the effect of the value of the soil electrical parameters, such as the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant.<br>This paper investigates the high frequency behavior of the grounding electrodes by solving a full-wave electromagnetic problem using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The focus is on taking into account the effect of the variation of soil relative permittivity which has been neglected in the previous studies of the grounding systems. This allows an evaluation of the response of grounding systems due to seasonal changes and specifically change of the water content of the soil, which would cause its electrical properties to vary significantly. This study<br>demonstrates the importance of considering the variation of relative permittivity of the soil especially in the modeling of electrodes buried in highly resistive soil.<br>

scholarly journals High frequency response of grounding electrodes: effect of soil dielectric constant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamdad Salarieh ◽  
H. M. Jeewantha De Silva ◽  
behzad kordi
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Permittivity ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Accurate Estimation

<div><b>"This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in IET Generation, Transmission & Distibution (GTD) and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at the IET Digital Library."</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Abstract:</b><br></div><div>Grounding electrodes have an important role in electric power transmission and distribution systems. They are used to prevent excessive hazardous voltages between metallic structures and ground in the case of system faults or lightning surges. It is important that they provide a low impedance path for the current in to the ground. The electrical properties of soil, which vary substantially with geographical location and time of year, affect the process considerably along with the properties of the grounding electrode itself, such as its dimensions.</div>In order to have an accurate estimation of the developed overvoltages and the backflashover rate of the transmission lines due to a lightning strike, one has to take into account the effect of the value of the soil electrical parameters, such as the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant.<br>This paper investigates the high frequency behavior of the grounding electrodes by solving a full-wave electromagnetic problem using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The focus is on taking into account the effect of the variation of soil relative permittivity which has been neglected in the previous studies of the grounding systems. This allows an evaluation of the response of grounding systems due to seasonal changes and specifically change of the water content of the soil, which would cause its electrical properties to vary significantly. This study<br>demonstrates the importance of considering the variation of relative permittivity of the soil especially in the modeling of electrodes buried in highly resistive soil.<br>

scholarly journals High frequency response of grounding electrodes: effect of soil dielectric constant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamdad Salarieh ◽  
H. M. Jeewantha De Silva ◽  
behzad kordi
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Permittivity ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Accurate Estimation

<div><b>"This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in IET Generation, Transmission & Distibution (GTD) and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at the IET Digital Library."</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Abstract:</b><br></div><div>Grounding electrodes have an important role in electric power transmission and distribution systems. They are used to prevent excessive hazardous voltages between metallic structures and ground in the case of system faults or lightning surges. It is important that they provide a low impedance path for the current in to the ground. The electrical properties of soil, which vary substantially with geographical location and time of year, affect the process considerably along with the properties of the grounding electrode itself, such as its dimensions.</div>In order to have an accurate estimation of the developed overvoltages and the backflashover rate of the transmission lines due to a lightning strike, one has to take into account the effect of the value of the soil electrical parameters, such as the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant.<br>This paper investigates the high frequency behavior of the grounding electrodes by solving a full-wave electromagnetic problem using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The focus is on taking into account the effect of the variation of soil relative permittivity which has been neglected in the previous studies of the grounding systems. This allows an evaluation of the response of grounding systems due to seasonal changes and specifically change of the water content of the soil, which would cause its electrical properties to vary significantly. This study<br>demonstrates the importance of considering the variation of relative permittivity of the soil especially in the modeling of electrodes buried in highly resistive soil.<br>

Patterned Macrovoids for Dielectric Constant Control of High Frequency Circuit Substrates

1986 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kahn ◽  
B. Kriese
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Propagation Delay ◽  
Constant Control ◽  
Microstrip Transmission Lines

AbstractFugitive ink and tape technology permit the inclusion of flat voids at predetermined locations in ceramic microcircuit substrates. Calculations show that critical stray capacitances can be reduced by as much as 65% and the propagation delay of microstrip transmission lines by 30% and more. The selectivity of the void location permits the retention of the full thermal conductance of the substrate under heat dissipating elements.

scholarly journals Computational Tool for Determining the Model in Sequence Components of Overhead Transmission Lines

2021 ◽  
Vol 2135 (1) ◽  
pp. 012008
Author(s):  
Luis Imbachi Guerrero ◽  
Fredy Jiménez Rubio ◽  
Mario Rodríguez Barrera ◽  
Diego Giral Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Sequence Components ◽  
Electromagnetic Pollution

Abstract An indispensable element in addressing the current problem of non-ionizing electromagnetic pollution in the environment is a review of the levels of exposure to the electric and magnetic fields produced by the lines of electric power transmission and distribution systems. In order to establish the exposure levels, it is necessary to determine the model of the lines. Considering that a computational simulation is a helpful tool for power system analysis, this article presents a computational tool developed in Matlab App Designer for the model-in-sequence components of the parameters that make up a transmission line. This tool allows the user to work in a friendly and parameterizable environment according to the performed tests. In order to verify the tool’s performance, two case studies are implemented. The first one is for a transposed transmission line and the second one for a non-transposed transmission line. The results obtained are compared with commercial software, acquiring a maximum error of 0.16402 %.

scholarly journals The application of the technology of sensor networks for the intellectualization of the overhead power transmission lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 01071
Author(s):  
Dmitry Ivanov ◽  
Marat Sadykov ◽  
Aleksandr Golenishchev-Kutuzov ◽  
Danil Yaroslavsky ◽  
Tatyana Galieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Power Transmission Lines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Overhead Power Transmission Lines ◽  
The Wire

The length of overhead power transmission lines in the Russian Federation is over 2.8 million kilometers. Power grids are rapidly becoming obsolete. The level of deterioration of the equipment achieves 70% [1]. This leads to breakdowns on overhead power transmission lines and reduce the quality of electricity supply. One of the focus areas towards improving the situation is a deep modernization of the power grid with an orientation on energy efficiency. The purpose of this work is the creation a system for operative monitoring of the technical condition of high-voltage power-transmission lines based on modular devices. The modular device is configured depending on the issues at hand: control of ice formation; control of ice melting; localization of the place of short circuit, breakage, lightning strike; determination of electrical loads on the wire or control of the load of overhead power transmission lines; determination of mechanical loads at the wire suspension point; determination of conditions for the occurrence of ice formation, determination of defects in insulators. This will equip the overhead line diagnostic systems without serious financial costs by simple installation on the wire of the developed device which design allows to change the configuration of the equipment and solve a wide range of tasks.

scholarly journals Analysis of Lightning Performance on 345 kV Transmission Lines Using Python Programming

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Fri Murdiya ◽  
Rofi Hariadi
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Power Transmission Lines ◽  
Shielding Failure ◽  
Python Programming

One of main causes of interruption of electrical power supply is the lightning strike on overhead power transmission lines. The lightning performance of transmission line can be determined by value of shielding failure flashover rate (SFFOR) and back flashover rate (BFOR). The object of this study is to create a computer application to compute lightning performance on the transmission lines using Python programming. Pythons package tkinter used for program interface window. Application programming is done by using the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP) using Pythons keyword class. Validation shows that the application has applied the method correctly with a percentage error 0 % for SFFOR and 3.14 % for BFOR. The application can do analysis on the factors that affecting SFFOR and BFOR such as the effect of thunder day, tower foot resistance, and number of isolator disk. The results obtained in this study is computer application that can perform lightning performance analysis and analysis of factors that can affect it, such as thunder day, tower foot resistance and the number of isolator disk.

scholarly journals Calculation of OPGW Strands Melting due to DC Arc Discharge Simulating High-Energy Lightning Strike

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-192
Author(s):  
M. Iwata ◽  
T. Nakano ◽  
M. Kotari ◽  
T. Ohtaka ◽  
Y. Goda
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Melting Behavior ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Composite Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Dc Arc

Metal strands of OPGWs (composite fiber-optic ground wires) installed in overhead power transmission lines are sometimes melted and broken when struck by high-energy lightning. This paper presents the calculation results regarding OPGW strands melting behavior when struck by DC arcs simulating high-energy lightning. The calculations revealed that the melted volume of the strand was 26% of the strand volume before the arc test, i.e. the rate of the non-melted volume of the strand was 74%. On the other hand, the residual tensile strength of the melted strand was 69% of the other non-melted strands after DC arc test. These results suggest there is a strong correlation between the calculated non-melted volume of the strand and the measured residual tensile strength of the melted strand.

scholarly journals Experimental Studies on Thermophysical and Electrical Properties of Graphene–Transformer Oil Nanofluid

Fluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Charishma Almeida ◽  
Sohan Paul ◽  
Lazarus Godson Asirvatham ◽  
Stephen Manova ◽  
Rajesh Nimmagadda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Transformer Oil ◽  
Weight Percentage

The thermophysical and electrical properties of graphene–transformer oil nanofluid at three weight percentage concentrations (0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05%) were experimentally studied. Experiments conducted to find viscosity, surface tension, density, specific resistance, electrical conductivity, and dielectric dissipation at various temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 90 °C. It was noted that the nanofluid with 0.05% concentration showed an enhancement of 2.5% and 16.6% for density and viscosity, respectively, when compared to transformer oil. In addition, an average reduction in surface tension is noted to be 10.1% for the maximum concentration of nanofluid. Increase in heat load and concentration improves Brownian motion and decreases the cohesive force between these particles, which results in a reduction in surface tension and increases the heat-transfer rate compared to transformer oil. In addition, for the maximum concentration of nanoparticles, the electrical conductivity of nanofluid was observed to be 3.76 times higher than that of the transformer oil at 90 °C. The addition of nanoparticles in the transformer oil decreases the specific resistance and improves the electrical conductivity thereby enhancing the breakdown voltage. Moreover, the thermophysics responsible for the improvement in thermophysical and electrical properties are discussed clearly, which will be highly useful for the design of power transmission/distribution systems.

Next Generation High Dk, Low Df Organic Laminate for RF Modules and High Frequency Applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (1) ◽  
pp. 000836-000841
Author(s):  
Fuhan Liu ◽  
Vivek Sridharan ◽  
Tapobrata Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Venky Sundaram ◽  
Rao Tummala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Loss Tangent ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Propagation Loss ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
High Dielectric

In this paper, we present a novel high density high performance ultra-thin organic laminate, X-R-1, with low cost standard PCB fabrication processes for RF and high frequency applications. The X-R-1 substrate, developed at Zeon Corporation is a new generation halogen-free high dielectric constant (Dk) and low loss tangent (Df) dielectric laminate material. Its dielectric constant is 6.5–6.7 in the range of 1–20GHz, similar to typical LTCC substrates but larger than most organic materials such as LCP, PTFE and Epoxy based materials. Its dielectric loss tangent is 0.003, similar to that of LTCC, LCP and PTFE but much lower than epoxy based materials. The thicknesses of the core used in this study are 50um. The clad copper on both sides is a 12um thick profile-free copper foil which provides extremely smooth surface. Microminiaturization of RF devices can be achieved by the combination of high Dk and ultra-thin substrate. The combination of low Df and smooth surface leads to RF and high frequency signals having minimum propagation loss. The material is suitable for mechanical and laser through hole drilling and fully compatible with the low cost standard PCB facilities and processes. Because of the smooth surface, 25um very fine copper lines and spaces were achieved by wet etching process. Copper filled through holes with 40um diameter drilled by CO2 laser have been demonstrated. Panel size of 6″×6″ test vehicles with RF filters and transmission lines was fabricated and measured. Test data on the filters at 2.4GHz and 5GHz has been presented in this paper. This high Dk and low Df laminate with standard PCB processes provides a low cost organic platform for RF and high frequency circuit applications.

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