Bioactivity and Mycochemical Profile of Extracts from Mycelial Cultures of Ganoderma spp.

Fungal mycelium cultures are an alternative to natural sources in order to obtain valuable research materials. They also enable constant control and adaptation of the process, thereby leading to increased biomass growth and accumulation of bioactive metabolites. The present study aims to assess the biosynthetic potential of mycelial cultures of six Ganoderma species: G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. carnosum, G. lucidum, G. pfeifferi, and G. resinaceum. The presence of phenolic acids, amino acids, indole compounds, sterols, and kojic acid in biomass extracts was determined by HPLC. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the extracts and their effects on the inhibition of selected enzymes (tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase) were also evaluated. The total content of phenolic acids in the extracts ranged from 5.8 (G. carnosum) to 114.07 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) (G. pfeifferi). The total content of indole compounds in the extracts ranged from 3.03 (G. carnosum) to 11.56 mg/100 g d.w. (G. lucidum) and that of ergosterol ranged from 28.15 (G. applanatum) to 74.78 mg/100 g d.w. (G. adspersum). Kojic acid was found in the extracts of G. applanatum and G. lucidum. The tested extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. The results suggest that the analyzed mycelial cultures are promising candidates for the development of new dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations.

Technical and Forensic Support for the Prevention of Penitentiary Crimes

Crimes committed by convicts serving criminal punishments present an urgent social problem. Although inmates are isolated and under constant control, the number of penitentiary crimes is growing. The identification of the whole complex of circumstances contributing to penitentiary crimes and their elimination are a guarantee of successful work on preventing crimes of this type. The potential of modern achievements in science and technology should be actively used in preventive work. Many legal scholars stress that the possibilities of using technical means, techniques and methods in the process of preventing crime (including penitentiary crime) are undervalued. Employees of preliminary investigation bodies and penitentiary institutions, in their turn, do not give value to the technical-forensic support (and sometime do not simply understand its possibilities) of preventing penitentiary crime. At the same time, their high priority and value in the organization of preventive work is beyond doubt. The article describes the theoretical basis of using technical-forensic means, offers their classification, shows key spheres of their use. The author stresses the preventive potential of special equipment available in each correctional institution (technical means of security and supervision). The article presents and offers a detailed classification of technical-forensic means, techniques and methods of preventing penitentiary crimes.

Genetic and thermal variation influences adaptation to fluctuating temperature in the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus

The impacts of climate change on biological systems are notoriously difficult to measure, and laboratory studies often do not realistically represent natural fluctuations in environmental conditions. To date, most experimental studies of thermal adaptation test populations at constant temperatures, or they make incremental changes to an otherwise constant mean background state. To address this, we examined the long-term effects of stressful fluctuating daily temperature on several key life history traits in two laboratory populations of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. These populations were kept for 19 generations at either a constant control temperature, T=29C, or at a fluctuating daily cycle with Tmean=33C, Tmax=40C, and Tmin=26C. The latter being a simple representation of daily temperatures in southern central India in May, where this species originally evolved. We found that beetles that had evolved in stressful environments were smaller in body size when switched to a constant 29C and had far greater reproductive fitness in comparison to beetles from both the constant control and continuously stressful 33C environments. This suggests that beetles raised in environments with stressful fluctuating temperatures were more phenotypically plastic and had greater genetic variability than control treatment beetles and indicates that populations that experience fluctuations in temperature may be better able to respond to short-term changes in environmental conditions.

Ocular drug delivery system (ODDS): Exploration the challenges and approaches to improve ODDS

The remarkable life structures and physiology of the eye presents huge difficulties to researchers in the field of visual medication conveyance frameworks. Nearby infusion is the most fitting and proper medication organization technique for the treatment of foremost front sickness. There are two kinds of hindrances in ophthalmic medication conveyance frameworks: static boundaries and dynamic obstructions. Static lamellae contain corneal, dermal, retinal, and retinal vessels while dynamic lamellae contain placental blood stream, conjunctiva, tear evacuation, and lymphatic seepage. These limitations influence the bioavailability of the medication. This article examines the limits of customary ophthalmic practice and the central point affecting the pharmacokinetics of the eye. Likewise, eye salves, gels, prodrugs, intranasal infusions, thickeners, entrance energizers, liposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles, visual infusions, inserts, nanoparticles, nanostructures, microemulsions, gels and periocular infusions. It guarantees the bioavailability of the medication and the controlled and constant control of the medication in the foremost and back alveoli.

Methods of prohibited items penetration in penitentiary institutions and prevention measures

The article analyzes the ways of penetration of prohibited items for storage and using of products, objects, things and substances in penitentiary institutions, based on statistics of their seizure in restricted areas of institutions and when trying to deliver them to protected areas. The structural components of the manufacture and transfer of prohibited items are identified, among which the subjects of receipt or manufacture of prohibited items, the subjects of transfer, the psychological and motivational component and the direct action aimed at the transfer or manufacture of these items are identified. There is a high concentration in penitentiary institutions of persons convicted of serious, especially serious criminal offenses and convicts who are on preventive records and in need of constant control and influence on the behavior of the administration of institutions. At the same time, the presence of prohibited items in these convicts significantly increases their social danger, hides the risks of them committing criminal offenses while serving their sentences. The most common methods of delivery of prohibited items to institutions have been established, which are the transfer through engineering barriers of prohibited areas around the perimeter of penitentiary institutions and covert transmission in parcels. The categories of persons who most often commit offenses of this type are determined – they are relatives and acquaintances of convicts. The author determines the purpose of the restrictions on the storage and using of prohibited items on the territory of the penitentiary institution enshrined in the criminal and executive legislation. As a result, the main directions of the organization of preventive work to prevent the entry of prohibited items into the protected areas, based on the proposed structural elements of the offense. Key words: penitentiary institution, convicted person, imprisonment for a definite term, prohibited items, subject, penitentiary system, criminal offense.

Dynamics-Based Piecewise Constant Control of Omni-Vehicle

In this paper, we consider the dynamics of a mobile vehicle moving under control on a perfectly rough horizontal plane. The vehicle consists of a horizontal platform and three omni-wheels that can rotate independently. An omni-wheel has freely rotating rollers on its rim [1]. We use its simplest model: an omni-wheel on a perfectly rough plane is modelled as a rigid disk with a constraint that its contact point velocity directed perpendicular to the disk's plane. The vehicle is controlled by three direct current motors in wheels' axes. Two terms model torques generated by motors: the rst one is proportional to the voltage, the second one is proportional to the value of the angular velocity of a wheel (counter-electromotive force). We study constant voltage dynamics and boundary-value problems for arbitrary initial and nal mass center coordinates, course angles and their derivatives using a piecewise constant control with one switching point. This problem is reduced to a system of algebraic equations for some specific (symmetric) vehicle model. We numerically model the system and analyze the possibility of optimization. For another vehicle configuration, we get the solution as numerical parametric continuation starting from the solution for the symmetric vehicle.

Technology of growing young carp in fish farm Ltd “Mykolaivska RMS”

We have studied the possibility of increasing the production of young carp by applying a set of intensification measures and the introduction of innovative production methods, when growing it in artificial reservoirs. Works that has been carried out works provided with technology of cultivation of young fishes as one of the first stages of production of marketable products in aquaculture, secures the selection of qualitative and viable breeding material, providing it with appropriate environmental conditions for normal growth and development, search of optimum and balanced compound feeds which will supplement natural fodder base of ponds, and carrying out of complex measures concerning intensification of fish farming taking into account natural-climatic and geographical-zonal features of a separate economy. The main purpose of the work was to improve the technology of growing young fish in the carp farm of Ltd "Mykolaivska RMS" when using in the feeding of this year's granular feed. Generally accepted hydrochemical, hydrobiological and fish farming methods were used in order to achieve this goal. The technological features of growing carp fish planting material at low planting densities were studied in the ponds of the experimental fishery. The effect of land reclamation, fertilization of ponds to improve the natural feed base, feeding fish with granular feed with a well-balanced content of nutrients and biologically active substances, with constant control of temperature and hydrochemical regimes of ponds on morphometric parameters expediency of carrying out such measures in fisheries. Our research results indicate that the natural fodder basis of ponds of the experimental carp farm Ltd "Mykolaivska RMS" does not fully meet the regulatory conditions for growing young carp and carrying out the above set of intensification measures in combination with feeding young carp granular concentrated organic feed environmentally friendly and economically feasible.

Oportūnists, ļefists, majakovskietis, šāds-tāds inteliģentiņš Linards Laicens PSRS: biogrāfiskais aspekts un „Limitrofija”

The article focuses on the part of Linards Laicen’s (1983–1937) biography marginalised in contemporary literary research – his life in the USSR. In literary studies, the main attention is paid to the writer’s early work; his move to the USSR is seen as a break in his writer’s creative growth, highlighting his obedience to the demands of socialist realism and schematism. The article outlines the most important aspects of Laicens’s biography, trying to construct his potential worldview and find the causal links to his arrival in the USSR. In 1932, Laicens was forced to emigrate to Moscow, where he spent the last five years of his life. Even though the Soviet government had tightened control over the artistic processes, Laicens continued to write according to his aesthetics, risking not only being censored but also politically persecuted. In 1935, Laicen’s last novel, “Limitrofija”, was published. It was written at a time when socialist realism was recognised as the only legitimate direction of art creation in the USSR. The article analyses the circumstances of the novel’s origin, poetics, features of modernism, sources of influence, publishing difficulties, and reception. After analysis of the documents available in the archives, correspondence, notes, publications, as well as the text of the novel itself, it is concluded that Laicens’s location in the USSR is not unambiguous/voluntary, and the novel “Limitrofija” is also part of his modernist and experimental literary contribution. This shows the continuity of Laicens’s creative search, although the USSR is dominated by political censorship and constant control and threats.