scholarly journals MARITIME TRADE IN MAKASSAR IN THE XVI-XVII CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sritimuryati Sritimuryati ◽  
Tini Suryaningsi
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Free Trade Policy ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Malacca Strait

This study aimed to describe the maritime trade in the half of XVI and XVII centuries. The method used was the historical method, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Based on the study, it was found that Makassar traders played a central role in the archipelago maritime trade. The fall of Malacca Strait made Makassar as a new trading port that allowed the Makassar traders in a higher mobility. Makassar got a significant change as a trading center in the XVI century, previously in the XV century before becoming a trading center. Makassar traders established trade relations with foreign traders from Europe, China, India, and Arabic. The commodities traded were spices, textiles, and porcelain. The free trade policy at Makassar Port was a determining factor for the success of Makassar in attracting foreign traders to do their trading activities at Makassar Port. 

Free Trade and the Widening Gap Between Rich and Poor Countries

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Kelli Ketover
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Free Trade Policy ◽  
The Right

The gap between the world's poorest nations and the world's wealthiest nations continues to grow despite the promises made by the proponents of globalization. Increasingly, however, “new internationalists" argue that free trade policy should be reconstituted as fair trade policy. Current policies have only served to strengthen the influence multinational corporations have over the policy debate. The tradeoff has often been at the expense of qualities not easily measured in economic terms such as human rights, depletion of natural resources, and inequitable distribution of wealth. Future trade policy will have to contend with competing forces issuing from those fearing loss of national sovereignty on the right and others concerned with social and environmental well being on the left.

Making Sense of U.S. Trade Policy: What Recent Negotiations Can Tell Us

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 378-380
Author(s):  
Inu Manak
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The North ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The U.S

U.S. trade policy is not what it used to be. Since the U.S. withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership in January 2017, Indo-Pacific trade relations have been in constant flux. It is not clear where U.S. trade policy will end up, particularly with regard to its relationship with China. However, the conclusion of two renegotiations of previous U.S. trade agreements can tell us generally about the new U.S. approach and what this means for our trading partners. I will discuss developments from the renegotiation of the Korea-U.S. free trade agreement (KORUS) and the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) as a replacement for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Von einer Neuen Weltwirtschaftsordnung zu einer neuen Weltfreihandelsordnung oder mehr Freihandel statt mehr Gerechtigkeit

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
World Wide ◽  
World Market ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Free Trade Policy

Abstract Wolfgang Kessler gives a report on the latest developments ofthe GATT negociations. The failure ofthe Uiruguay round in the autumn of 1990 and the irksome attempts at reanimation are depicted as a result of the strategy ofthe industrialized countries to bargain for their interests by demanding an extension oftheir free trade policy on additional parts of the world market. Kessler contrasts this strategy with a model of an ecologically and socially regulated world trade founded on world-wide agreed upon treaties that focus on a sustainable world economy.

Capitalism and the 2008 crisis

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-181
Author(s):  
Marcel A.G. van Meerhaeghe
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Free Trade Policy

Abstract The theory underlying free-trade policy and its application in real life are examined in the first two sections. Then the international financial disequilibria which contributed to die crisis, are dealt with. The next sections discuss die capitalist decline and the crisis that led to the collapse of capitalism. An appraisal concludes this paper.

Joseph Chamberlain and the Genesis of Tariff Reform

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney H. Zebel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Tariff Reform ◽  
Free Trade Policy ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Political Decision Making

This paper is concerned solely with the genesis of the 1903 Tariff Reform Movement. Why did a veteran, realistic politician like Joseph Chamberlain challenge Britain's long-sacrosanct free trade policy? What political, economic, social, or other factors influenced him to make his decision? Was he really the originator of the program which he championed? What empirical lessons can be learned about the methodology and rationale of political decision making? The existing scholarly works dealing with the Chamberlain agitation, although exceedingly numerous, provide no really satisfactory answers to these questions. Thus a fresh appraisal of the origins of the Tariff Reform Movement seems clearly warranted.IThe Liberal journalist-statesman John Morley, who became acquainted with Chamberlain in 1873, is reported as once saying that his friend's faith in the free trade policy was always “only skindeep.” Chamberlain himself said that he was first shaken in his free trade beliefs in 1881 when, as President of the Board of Trade in the second Gladstone Government, he was asked to reply to a protectionist speech by a then-obscure Conservative M.P. named C. T. Ritchie. Contrary to Chamberlain and Morley, however, one of the Birmingham leader's official biographers states that he has found no indication that his hero entertained any fiscal heresies prior to the winter of 1902-03; and though the date he gives may be disputed, the view that Chamberlain was a late convert to protection is substantiated by considerable evidence. Chamberlain's reply to Ritchie, despite his later admission of doubt, reveals no misgivings about the free trade credo.

scholarly journals The Tory Origin of Free Trade Policy

1897 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Ashley
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Policy

scholarly journals Britain’s Empire Marketing Board and the failure of soft trade policy, 1926–33

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Higgins ◽  
Brian D Varian
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Free Trade Policy ◽  
Differential Increase ◽  
Econometric Assessment

Abstract Before 1932, Britain’s essentially free-trade policy left barely any scope for reciprocating the preferential tariffs that the Dominions applied to Britain’s exports. Thus, Britain attempted to reciprocate by means of a “soft” trade policy aimed at increasing Britain’s imports from the empire through wide-reaching publicity coordinated by the Empire Marketing Board (EMB). This article, the first econometric assessment of the EMB, argues that there was not a differential increase in the volume of those imports advertised by the EMB. Principal arguments for this failure are that British consumers were frequently unaware of the geographic origin of many commodities and that they tended to identify company brand more than country of origin.

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