РИСИ СУСПІЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ У МОСКОВСЬКІЙ ДЕРЖАВІ В XVII СТ.

Ключові слова: Московська держава в XVII ст., династія Романових, самодержавство, абсолютизм, станово-представницька монархія. Анотація На основі новітніх історичних досліджень поданий неупереджений погляд на розвиток Московської держави в XVII ст. через призму соціокультурного, проблемного підходу до суперечливих в історіографії питань, що турбують сьогоднішніх істориків, політиків, звичайних людей України, Росії, інших країн світу і стають предметом численних спекуляцій та маніпуляцій. У результаті проведеного дослідження висвітлено основні риси суспільно-політичних трансформацій у Московській державі в XVII ст., акцентовано увагу на спростування радянських та сучасних російських міфів щодо розвитку централізованої самодержавної моделі Московії, визначаються можливості цивілізаційного вибору Московської держави XVII ст. між станово-представницькою та абсолютистською моделями розвитку. Посилання Andreev, 2003 – Andreev I.L. Aleksey Mihaylovich [Alexey Mikhailovich]. 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The «Сaucasian Guestion» in Iran’s Foreign Policy at the Beginning of the XVII Century

The article examines the Caucasian vector of Iran’s foreign policy at the beginning of the XVII century. as one of the most priority directions of the Shah’s foreign policy, Iranian-Russian diplomatic cooperation and interaction, as well as as the most important factor in ensuring the security of the Safavid state in the face of the threat of Ottoman expansion. During the XVI-XVII centuries, certain territories of the Caucasus were in the sphere of political influence of Safavid Iran, which managed to systematically establish control over Eastern Georgia, Eastern Armenia, Azerbaijan and part of Dagestan. A comprehensive study of the Caucasian policy of Safavid Iran during its military and political domination in the region allows us to identify historical patterns and trends of modern socio-political processes in the Caucasus and the Middle East. The study of the problem of delineating the spheres of political influence of regional powers in the context of the foreign policy strategy of Safavid Iran at the beginning of the XVII century. It requires a scientifically based analysis and objective assessment, since Iran traditionally demonstrates its activity in the region, develops cooperation with regional actors in the political, diplomatic, trade, economic and cultural spheres. The purpose of the study is to study the Caucasian policy of Safavid Iran, as well as methods and means of its implementation at the beginning of the XVII century. The scientific novelty of this research is determined by the introduction into scientific circulation of a wide range of diverse historical sources and literature necessary for rethinking and generalizing the content of existing theoretical, methodological and scientific approaches, comparative analysis of domestic and foreign concepts on this issue, as well as a systematic study of geostrategy and the Caucasian vector of Iran’s foreign policy in the period under review.

MARITIME TRADE IN MAKASSAR IN THE XVI-XVII CENTURY

This study aimed to describe the maritime trade in the half of XVI and XVII centuries. The method used was the historical method, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Based on the study, it was found that Makassar traders played a central role in the archipelago maritime trade. The fall of Malacca Strait made Makassar as a new trading port that allowed the Makassar traders in a higher mobility. Makassar got a significant change as a trading center in the XVI century, previously in the XV century before becoming a trading center. Makassar traders established trade relations with foreign traders from Europe, China, India, and Arabic. The commodities traded were spices, textiles, and porcelain. The free trade policy at Makassar Port was a determining factor for the success of Makassar in attracting foreign traders to do their trading activities at Makassar Port.

Vidobrazhennya ukrayinsʹko-polʹsʹkykh movnykh kontaktiv v antroponimiyi Zhytomyrshchyny XVI–XVII st.

The Polish language actively penetrated the lives of Ukrainians, particularly in office work in the XVI and especially in the XVII century. The subject of our study were Polonisms found in the identification of men in the Zhytomyr region in the XVI–XVII centuries. Among foreign names, more than 6% are in the naming of representatives of the top and less than 1% – of the lower social strata, some are borrowed from the Polish language: Kryshtof, Sebestian, Fry(d)ry(ch) and others. Occasionally the same person, primarily a nobleman, is identified by the Ukrainian name and its Polish counterpart: Fedor / Teodor, Semen / Shymon. Attention is paid to Polish phonetic features in the analyzed surnames: incomplete vowel forms: Zablo(ts)ky(y), Kga(v)ro(n)sky(y); preservation of the Proto-Slavic suffix *dl: Motovy(d)lo; Proto-Slavic nasal reflexes: Do(m)bro(v)sky(y), Kgole(m)be(v)sky(y), Szczęsny. Variable use of such anthroponyms with their Ukrainian equivalents is proved: Kgroho(v)sky(y) / Kgoroho(v)sky(y), Ve(n)kgry(n) / Uhryn.

CHRONOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE OF ST. PETER'S CHURCH IN PRZEMYSL FROM THE OLD RUSSIAN ERA TO THE XVII CENTURY

The article analyzes the complex of historical and archaeological materials related to the architecture of the lost St. Peter's Church in Przemysl, which existed approximately from the XII-XIII centuries to 1679. Based on the systematization of the available data, an attempt is made to recreate the chronology of changes in the planning structure and appearance of the structure from the time of its appearance to dismantling.

Georgian men’s dress of XVII century

The article raises the issue of the importance of the work of Cristoforo de Castelli, an Italian missionary, Patrice of the Order of Theatine, in the study of Georgian historical costume. The sketches made by the author during his work in Georgia are analyzed, according to which it is possible to identify the types of clothes. According to the drawings, the clothes of different strata of the population are compared with the clothes of historical figures depicted in the monumental paintings of Georgian monuments of the same period and the clothes of the characters depicted in the illustrations of literary works. It emphasizes the identity of the costume depicted in Castelli's paintings and the miniatures of Georgian artist Mamuka Tavakarashvili and the similarity of some of the paintings. Finally, it is concluded that the visual material created over the years by Castelli as an eyewitness is still relevant today.

“Natural” in the philosophical and moralistic literature of the XVII century

In philosophy, “natural” is viewed as an ontological characteristic of the objects of internal and external reality along with the concept of “artificial”. However, in the XVII century, the philosophical and moralistic literature undergoes aestheticization. Numerous appeals of the writers, moralists and philosopher, as well as dialogues and arguments on the topic of “natural” indicate that this was of crucial importance for the aesthetic thought of the XVII century. The answer to the question ‘what natural is’ has become the cornerstone of the new gallant aesthetics, and in behavior was associated with fluency and aristocratic inattention, which are opposed to pomposity and affectation. In art, “natural” was perceived as a desire to purge from the Baroque ostentation. In literature, it is the result of hard work on the language that allows achieving lightness and fluency. Ultimately, in the philosophical thought, “natural” is perceived as the correspondence with truth. Until the present, the question of aestheticization of the “natural” did not draw the attention of Russian researchers. This is partly explained by the historical tradition. Russia enters the European philosophical thought only in the Era of Enlightenment in the XVIII century; thus, the XVII century seems somewhat archaic on the background of the topical issues. However, the XVII century is the advent of the history of modern philosophical and aesthetic thought, and creates the foundation of modern European mentality. This period marks the formation of the new aesthetic ideal, new aesthetic norms, and the system for assessing the work of art, which assign an important role to the “natural”.

FORMATION OF HUMANISTIC IDEAS IN UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

The urgency of the research topic is necessity to understand the idea of humanism in Ukraine from its formation to development in new cultural and historical conditions. The purpose of the article is to study the formation and development of humanistic ideas in Ukrainian philosophical thought in the historical aspect. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: historical – to study the stages of development of humanistic ideas, analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, generalization and systematization – to formulate intermediate and final conclusions. The article highlights the meaning of the concept of "humanism". The preconditions for the formation of ideas of humanism are determined. It was found that the idea of humanism was preceded by the first moral rule of coexistence, which later in the history of philosophy was called talion. The main formation stages of humanistic ideas in the Ukrainian philosophical thought (the first – XIV-XVI centuries; the second – the second half of the XVI – the beginning of the XVII century; the third – the second half of the XVII century; the fourth – the second half of the XVII – the beginning of the XVIII century; fifth – XIX century, sixth – XX century, seventh – XXI century). Distinctive features of the humanistic ideas from talion and the "golden rule of morality" have been formed. Prospects for further scientific research in this area are seen in the study of the mechanisms of restoration of humanistic ideals in such social institutions as the family and school.