THE RESISTANCE OF MUSCA DOMESTICA L. FIELD POPULATIONS TO MODERN INSECTICIDES

To plan and improve the efficiency of disinsection measures at livestock and poultry facilities, the information on the susceptibility of houseflies to modern insecticides is needed. The goal of this study was to determine the susceptibility level to fipronil, acetamiprid, ivermectin, and chlorfenapyr in Musca domestica L. field populations inhabiting agricultural facilities. The study was conducted in one poultry and in two livestock farms. The susceptibility of M. domestica adults of the first generation to insecticides was assessed by the method of dosed contacting, after which the median lethal doses and the resistance ratio were calculated relative to the laboratory culture. According to the results, the fly population from a cattlebreeding farm, in which neonicotinoid fly baits were used for ten years, was highly resistant to acetamiprid (resistance ratio 57) and tolerant to ivermectin (resistance ratio 10). The fly population from poultry farms, in which neonicotinoids were used as baits against flies for four years, was tolerant to acetamiprid (resistance ratio 5). The fly population from a livestock farm, in which insecticides have not been used for more than five years, was susceptible to all insecticides tested. The obtained results and literature data confirmed that the rate of the development of insecticide resistance in field populations of M. domestica depends on the form and duration of the application of insecticide formulations.

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Insecticide susceptibility of house flies (Musca domestica) from a livestock farm in Tyumen region, Russia.

BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE ◽

10.15547/bjvm.2027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 213-219

Author(s):

M. A Levchenko ◽

E. A. Silivanova ◽

G. F. Balabanova ◽

R. H. Bikinyaeva

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

First Generation ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

House Fly ◽

Field Population ◽

Insecticide Susceptibility ◽

House Flies ◽

Livestock Farm ◽

Median Lethal Dose

The susceptibility of the field populations of the house fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera:Muscidae) from a livestock farm of the Tyumen region, Russia, to six insecticides (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, thiamethoxam, permethrin, fipronil, chlorfenapyr) is reported. After a forced contact of adult flies of susceptible strains and first generation of field populations with the residues of insecticides at the bottom of glass cups, the median lethal dose of each insecticide was determined by probit analysis. According to the resistance ratio, the susceptibility of the evaluated field population to insecticides increased in the order: cypermethrin < deltamethrin < permethrin ≤ chlorfenapyr < thiamethoxam < fipronil.

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TACTICS OF MUSCA DOMESTICA CONTROL AT OBJECTS OF VETERINARY AND SANITARY SUPERVISION

10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.308-312 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 308-312

Author(s):

Levchenko ◽

Silivanova

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

First Generation ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Laboratory Culture ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Control Measures ◽

Laboratory Population ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Metered Dose

Prolonged use of chemical insecticides at veterinary and sanitary inspection facilities often leads to a decrease in the efficiency of disinsection measures, which is associat-ed with the development of resistance in natural insect populations, including Musca domestica L., house flies. The purpose of the presented work was to study the level of sensitivity of M. domestica to modern insecticides in livestock and poultry farms of the Tyumen region. Under laboratory conditions, the activity of modern insecticides from the pyrethroid, neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazols, pyrroles, and avermectins groups against the first generation of adult M. domestica of natural populations was measured using metered-dose contact. Using probit analysis, pooled lethal doses (LD50) of insecticides for natural populations of flies and sensitive laboratory culture were calculated. Next, we determined the resistance index for each insecticide as the ratio of their LD50 values for the natural and laboratory population. It has been found that flies of natural populations were sensitive to tested insecticides to varying degrees. The highest resistance indicator (57) was recorded for the acetamids of the fly population from the livestock farm. A population of flies sensitive to fipronil was also found in the poultry farm with resistance index 1. Given the results of labora-tory studies, this farm was effectively disinsected against M. domestica using fipronil-containing preparation. The tactics of pest control measures, based on preliminary laboratory studies of the sensitivity of flies and the selection of chemical insecticidal agents against a specific natural population, will effectively control the number of Musca domestica on objects of veterinary sanitary inspection.

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INSECTICIDAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DETOXIFICATION ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN MUSCA DOMESTICA L. (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) OF FIELD POPULATIONS

Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology ◽

10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202104008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 428-435

Author(s):

Mikhail A. Levchenko ◽

◽

Elena A. Silivanova ◽

Polina A. Shumilova ◽

Natalya A. Sennikova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

First Generation ◽

Laboratory Strain ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Field Population ◽

Resistance Ratio ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Detoxification Enzyme ◽

Detoxifying Enzyme

This paper presents the results of the study of insecticidal susceptibility to five modern insecticides and the assessment of detoxifying enzyme activities in house flies Musca domestica L. of two field populations collected at livestock facilities in the Tyumen region. The objects of the study were larva and 3-5-days old adults of M. domestica of the laboratory strain and the first generation obtained from insects of the field populations. The lethal doses for 50% mortality of acetamiprid, fipronil, ivermectin, chlorfenapyr, and deltamethrin against adults M. domestica were calculated by the probit analysis method based on the results of the assessment of intestinal insecticidal activities of these substances by the feeding tests. The results of toxicological experiments showed that adults M. domestica of one field population were tolerant to ivermectin (the resistance ratio was 4,0) while adults of the second field population were tolerant to deltamethrin (the resistance ratio was 4,5). The field populations of M. domestica tested in this study differed in terms of detoxifying enzyme activities in adults. Carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase activities were statistically significantly more in M. domestica adults of the population that was tolerant to deltamethrin than those in adults of the population tolerant to ivermectin. It needs to take into account differences (in insecticidal susceptibilities and in enzyme activities) between insect field populations inhabiting different farms when one selects pest control means against insects in livestock and poultry farms.

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Organophosphorus insecticide resistance in a new strain of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Tanga, Tanzania

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300041791 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 67-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Khayrandish ◽

R.J. Wood

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Laboratory Culture ◽

Fourth Instar ◽

Resistance Allele ◽

Susceptible Control ◽

The Mean

AbstractFourth instar larvae of a new strain of Culex quinquefasciatus Say from Tanzania (TANGA) were tested for insecticide resistance. Initially, the resistance ratio (RR) to chlorpyrifos was 41.8, to temephos 30.8, to propoxur 3.7. After 2–3 years of laboratory culture, resistance to chlorpyrifos and propoxur had declined (chlorpyrifos 5.7, 3.8; propoxur 1.9, permethrin 1.9). Significant synergism was found between s, s, s-tributyl trithiophosphate (DEF) and chlorphyrifos, reducing the RR from 8.0 to 2.5. Synergism between piperonyl butoxide and permethrin was less than in a susceptible control strain. Twelve esterase isozymes of different relative mobilities (Rm) on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were identified, ten of which remained when the strain was reinvestigated two years (approximately 32 generations) later. Null activity for all but one of these bands was observed in some larvae. Four esterase bands (Rm 0.25, 0.27, 0.31, 0.34, designated A2, A3, B2, B3) showed polymorphism in activity, with very intense bands in some larvae. The mean frequency of bands with activity greater than standard, declined as organophosphorus (OP) resistance declined, but resistance was unconnected with the frequency of nulls at these positions. In mass larval assays of in vitro sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to propoxur, the I50 exceeded 10x10−4M, compared with 0.1x10−4M in a reverted resistant strain (RANGOON). Single larvel assays revealed heterogeneity, which was interpreted on the basis of an AChE resistance allele (AceR) with a frequency of 0.23.

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Activities of detoxifying enzymes in adults of houseflies Musca domestica L. selected with chlorfenapyr

Biomics ◽

10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2020-43 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 492-503

Author(s):

E.A. Silivanova ◽

P.A. Shumilova ◽

M.A. Levchenko

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Detoxifying Enzymes ◽

Resistance Development ◽

Phosphatase Activities ◽

Biochemical Mechanisms ◽

Males And Females

In insects, biochemical mechanisms of insecticide resistance base on increasing of activities of main detoxyfying enzymes – monooxygenases, nonspesific esterases, and glutathion-S-transferases. Currently, the progress of resistance development and the degree of contributing enzymes to resistance in insects have been studied for certain insecticides. The goal of this study was to assess activities of monooxygenase, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and alkaline phosphatase in females and males housefly Musca domestica in the second, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth generations of the chlorfenapyr-selected strain. Evaluation of chlorfenapyr susceptibility showed that adults M. domestica in tenth generations was tolerating to chlorfenapyr as the resistance ration value was 3.6. In certain generations of chlorfenapyr-selected strain M. domestica, monooxygenase activities in males and females were 1.4-2.1 times more, and alkaline phosphatase activities in females were 2.3-2.7 times more than that in control insects. Glutathione-S-transferase activities had no significant differences in adults M. domestica of control and chlorfenapyr-selected strains. For chlorfenapyr-selected strain M. domestica, activities of monooxygenase, carboxylesterase, and alkaline phosphatase differed in males and females of same generations that suggests that mode and pattern of resistance development might be sex-specific in this specie.

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Activities of Select Enzymes Involved in Insecticide Resistance in Spinosad-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjz168 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan ◽

Waseem Akram ◽

Sajid Ali

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Susceptible Strain ◽

Detoxifying Enzymes ◽

Mechanism Of Resistance ◽

Mixed Function Oxidases ◽

Glutathione S Transferases

Abstract A Musca domestica L. strain collected from Pakistan has recently been shown to be resistant to spinosad; however, there is scarce information about the mechanism of resistance. For this reason, we explored whether a metabolic-based mechanism was responsible by analyzing the activities of the metabolic detoxifying enzymes, carboxylesterases, glutathione S-transferases, and mixed-function oxidases, in both a spinosad-selected (Spin-SEL) strain of M. domestica and a susceptible counterpart (Lab-susceptible). The results revealed that both strains were statistically at par in terms of enzyme activities. The activity of carboxylesterases in the Lab-susceptible strain was 78.17 ± 3.06 in comparison to 79.16 ± 3.31 nmol min−1 mg−1 in the Spin-SEL strain. The activity of mixed-function oxidases was 51.58 ± 4.20 in the Lab-susceptible strain, whereas 54.33 ± 4.08 pmol min−1 mg−1 was recorded in the Spin-SEL strain. The activity of glutathione S-transferases was 86.50 ± 4.59 (Lab-susceptible) and 90.33 ± 2.81 nmol min−1 mg−1 (Spin-SEL). These results revealed that the studied enzymes might not be responsible for spinosad resistance in the studied strain of M. domestica. Therefore, studies should be extended to find out other possible mechanisms of spinosad resistance.

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Increased respiratory symptoms in COPD patients living in the vicinity of livestock farms

European Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1183/13993003.00265-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1605-1614 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Floor Borlée ◽

C. Joris Yzermans ◽

Christel E. van Dijk ◽

Dick Heederik ◽

Lidwien A.M. Smit

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Respiratory Health ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Livestock Farming ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Livestock Farm ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Livestock Farms

Several studies have investigated the effect of livestock farm emissions on the respiratory health of local residents, but results are inconsistent. This study aims to explore associations between the presence of livestock farms and respiratory health in an area of high-density livestock farming in the Netherlands. We focused especially on associations between farm exposures and respiratory symptoms within subgroups of potentially susceptible patients with a pre-existing lung disease.In total, 14 875 adults (response rate 53.4%) completed a questionnaire concerning respiratory health, smoking habits and personal characteristics. Different indicators of livestock farm exposures relative to the home address were computed using a geographic information system.Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma was lower among residents living within 100 m of a farm (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.24–0.91 and OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45–0.93, respectively). However, >11 farms in 1000 m compared to fewer than four farms in 1000 m (fourth quartileversusfirst quartile) was associated with wheezing among COPD patients (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.01–2.89). Using general practitioners' electronic medical records, we demonstrated that selection bias did not affect the observed associations.Our data suggest a protective effect of livestock farm emissions on the respiratory health of residents. Nonetheless, COPD patients living near livestock farms reported more respiratory symptoms, suggesting an increased risk of exacerbations.

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Tests for Insecticide-resistance in Lice, Mosquitos and House-flies

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s000748530002469x ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 729-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. R. Busvine ◽

C. Mary Harrison

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Laboratory Culture ◽

Standard Test ◽

House Flies ◽

Comparative Tests ◽

Laboratory Cultures ◽

Virus Research ◽

Nigerian Strain ◽

Body Lice

Between December 1947 and May 1949, six colonies of body lice from various sources were cultured in the laboratory. Three of the strains originated from natural infestations in England and the others came from laboratory cultures in Hamburg, Basle and Tunis. After being bred for at least one generation in the laboratory, these lice were subjected to a standard test for resistance to DDT. Only one strain showed any evidence of abnormal resistance; this was the strain from Tunis where it had been laboratory-cultured for over 12 years.Colonies of Aëdes aegypti from Karachi, Poona and Delhi were being cultured at the Virus Research Institute, Lagos, together with a local Nigerian strain. Extensive tests showed no difference in average susceptibility of the four strains to DDT, though there was some evidence of differences in the spread of resistance through the various populations.A colony of A. aegypti was started with larvae taken from Ilaro, a Nigerian town which had been regularly sprayed with BHC for 2½ years. Comparative tests showed no difference in resistance to γ BHC between this colony and a laboratory culture at the Malaria Service Laboratory, Lagos.Colonies of house-flies were initiated and maintained at Lagos. Tests with insecticides gave the following results:(a) M.d. vicina from Ilaro were much more resistant to γ BHC than similar flies from Yaba, near Lagos, or M.d. domestica from England.(b) The M.d. vicina from both Lagos and Ilaro were considerably more resistant to DDT than M.d. domestica from England. This is surprising, as no DDT-spraying has been done at Ilaro and, so far as can be ascertained, virtually none in Lagos.(c) The M.d. vicina flies from Lagos were considerably more susceptible to γ BHC and dieldrin than M.d. domestica from England. M. sorbens was much more susceptible to γ BHC and to DDT. These differences could be explained by the smaller average sizes of the two susceptible species.

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