ROLE OF RESPIRATORY RATE IN THE TOLERABILITY OF PERSONAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Yu. Yu. Byalovsky ◽  
I. S. Rakitina
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Respiratory Resistance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Subjective Indicators ◽  
Initial Frequency ◽  
Subjective Discomfort ◽  
Respiratory Movements

The factor limiting the tolerance of personal respiratory protection equipment should be considered the frequency of respiratory movements, which reflexively changes when additional respiratory resistance occurs. Unfortunately, there is almost no information in the available literature about changes in the tolerability of personal respiratory protection equipment at different rates of respiratory movements. The purpose of this work was to study the tolerability of personal respiratory protection equipment when changing the frequency of respiratory movements.The study was conducted on practically healthy persons of both sexes (78 people), aged from 20 to 36 years. To simulate the conditions for the use of personal respiratory protection equipment, inspiratory resistive respiratory loads of 20% of the maximum intraoral pressure during the Mueller test were used. The tolerance of personal respiratory protection equipment was assessed using the Borg visual analogue of dyspnea scale, which reflected the level of subjective discomfort that occurs when additional respiratory resistance is turned on. During the action of additional respiratory resistance, the persons were asked to hold the frequency of respiratory movements, which was set using a special setting.An increase in the rate of respiratory movements against the background of additional respiratory resistance leads to a significant deterioration in the objective and subjective indicators of the functional state of the persons; replacing the inhaled air with an oxygen-rich respiratory mixture with carbon dioxide absorption did not lead to a significant improvement in the functional state. A moderate decrease (up to 70% of the initial frequency of respiratory movements) in the rate of respiration leads to an improvement in the indicators of adaptive activity in conditions of additional respiratory resistance. A significant decrease (up to 35% of the initial frequency of respiratory movements) in the rate of respiration under conditions of additional respiratory resistance leads to a deterioration of objective and subjective indicators of the functional state of the subjects.An increase in peak respiratory flow rates caused by an increase in the rate of respiration, in accordance with the well – known Rohrer equation, significantly increases inelastic resistance and, as a result, respiratory needs. These needs can be met at some time due to a significant increase in the work of the respiratory muscles, but due to fatigue of the latter, psychoemotional tension increases quite quickly and the use of personal respiratory protection equipment is abandoned.

scholarly journals GAS COMPOSITION OF ALVEOLAR AIR AND TOLERABILITY OF PERSONAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Yury Yu. Byalovsky ◽  
V. A. Kiryushin ◽  
N. I. Prokhorov ◽  
I. S. Rakitina ◽  
N. V. Chudinin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Respiratory Resistance ◽  
Alveolar Air ◽  
Subjective Discomfort

Introduction. When using personal protective equipment for respiratory organs of an insulating type in case of depletion of a regenerative cartridge, hypoxic-hypercapnic changes in the gas composition of the body occur, which have a negative effect on the tolerance of personal protective equipment for respiratory organs. The combination of additional respiratory resistance with hypoxia and hypercapnia further worsens the tolerance of respiratory protective equipment. The purpose of this study was to study the tolerance of personal respiratory protection when changing the gas composition of the alveolar air. Material and methods. The study was conducted on healthy subjects of both sexes (78 people), aged 20 to 36 years. To simulate the conditions for the use of personal respiratory protective equipment, inspiratory resistive respiratory loads of 20% of the maximum intraoral pressure were used during the Mueller test. The tolerance of respiratory protective equipment was evaluated using the Borg visual analog scale of dyspnea, which reflected the level of subjective discomfort occurring due to additional respiratory resistance is turned on. The methodology for changing the gas composition of the alveolar air in the subjects consisted of using a system that allowed adding oxygen from the line to the closed spirograph circuit and turning the carbon dioxide adsorber on and off. Results. The tolerance of personal respiratory protection is associated with the nature of the gas composition of the alveolar air. A minimum of subjective discomfort was observed in the presence of hyperoxic-hypocapnic composition of the pulmonary air; on the contrary, an increase in subjective discomfort on the Borg scale was observed with a reduced oxygen content and an increased concentration of carbon dioxide. The use of personal respiratory protective equipment against the background of hypoxia-hypercapnia negatively changes the functional state of the body: there was observed an increase in physiological expenditures by leading effectors. Normalization of the gas composition of the body under the use of personal respiratory protection did not lead to complete optimization of the functional state of the subjects. Conclusion. Hypoxia and hypercapnia arising from the depletion of regenerative cartridges of the respiratory protective equipment of an insulating type leads to a significant deterioration in the tolerance to additional respiratory resistance. The alleged mechanism of this phenomenon should be considered as an increase in fatigue of the respiratory muscles.

Respiratory movements of the vocal cords

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1269-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Brancatisano ◽  
P. W. Collett ◽  
L. A. Engel
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Vocal Cords ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Respiratory Movements

We examined the movements of the vocal cords during tidal breathing, panting, and large changes in lung volume in 12 normal subjects. The glottis was observed with a fiber-optic bronchoscope, and the glottic image was recorded together with flow, volume, and a time marker onto videotape. Phasic respiratory swings in glottic width (dg) and glottic area (Ag) were reproducible in all subjects but differed substantially between subjects. In the group as a whole dg and Ag increased during inspiration to 10.1 +/- 5.6 mm and 126 +/- 8 mm2 (mean +/- SE), respectively, whereas during expiration the lowest values were 5.7 +/- 0.5 mm and 70 +/- 7 mm2, respectively. These extreme dimensions corresponded closely to the midtidal volume points in the respiratory cycle. Glottic width during vital capacity (VC) expirations was nearly 30% greater at a flow of 1.2 l/s than at 0.5 l/s, but the relationship between dg and lung volume differed between subjects. When swings in dg were minimized by panting, there was no difference in dg between functional residual capacity (FRC) and a volume corresponding to midinspiratory capacity. However, tidal breathing at this lung volume was associated with a 20% decrease in dg compared with breathing at FRC. Our observations indicate a tight coupling between the pattern of glottic movement and the respiratory volume cycle. The results suggest that during voluntary respiratory maneuvers both intrinsic laryngeal and respiratory muscles are recruited, participating as effector organs in ventilatory and respiratory control.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL INDICES OF THE HUMAN IN CONDITIONS OF THE APPLICATION OF INDIVIDUAL MEANS OF PROTECTION OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 717-720
Author(s):  
Yury Yu. Byalovskiy ◽  
S. V. Bulatetskiy ◽  
V. A. Kiryushin ◽  
N. I. Prokhorov
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Respiratory Resistance ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
Inspiratory Resistance ◽  
Additional Resistance ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Resistive Loads ◽  
Resistance To Respiration

The purpose of the work was to study reactions of the immune system with the use of additional respiratory resistance arising from the use of personal respiratory protection. The inspiratory resistance to respiration of 20, 40 and 60% Pmmax was used. The study involved 26 male and female cases at the average age of 21,22,23 years. Based on the results of the study the short-term (3 minutes) effect of inspiratory resistive loads was shown to have a pronounced effect on the population and subpopulation composition of blood lymphocytes, practically without changing the level of secreted immunoglobulins. Different values of additional resistance to respiration were noted to statistically significantly change the level of biogenic amines: the concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine with elevating values of resistive loads progressively increased; the serotonin concentration shows the opposite dynamics. The work demonstrates the additional respiratory resistance of 20% Pmmax fail to change the immunological status of the subjects. The resistive respiratory load of 40% Pmmax caused immunosuppressive changes in the population composition of lymphocytes and indices of nonspecific immunological resistance. An additional respiratory resistance of 60% Pmmax induced an immunostimulatory effect in the change in the population composition of lymphocytes and in indices of nonspecific immunological resistance. Based on the data obtained, a suggestion has been made that in designing individual respiratory protection devices it is advisable to limit the value of additional inspiratory resistance to respiration of 20% Pmmax.

scholarly journals Respiratory variations of the heart rate - II—The central mechanism of the respiratory arrhythmia and the inter-relations between the central and the reflex mechanisms

1936 ◽  
Vol 119 (813) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Respiratory Arrest ◽  
Central Mechanism ◽  
Respiratory Arrhythmia ◽  
Reflex Mechanism ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Respiratory Centre ◽  
Respiratory Movements

It was first noticed by Traube (1865) that the respiratory cardiac arrhythmia persists after curarization and that it becomes more obvious when the curarized animal is subjected to asphyxiation. Since, in his experiments, the muscles were paralysed and with the consequence the lungs remained in a stationary position Traube concluded that the arrhythmia could not be explained otherwise than by a direct influence of the respiratory centre upon the centres regulating the heart rate. The fact that the respiratory activity continues after administration of curare and that it becomes greatly increased during asphyxia is beyond dispute. In Traube’s time this could only be conjectured, but now it can be proved by registering the electrical deflexions of the phrenic nerve or of any other inspiratory nerve. This we had occasion to verify in many experiments. The theory of Traube was for a time superseded by Hering’s theory of the reflex origin of the arrhythmia (1871). However, Frédéricq (1882), in a series of masterly experiments, advanced such indisputable proofs in favour of the central mechanism that most physiologists began to doubt even the existence of the reflex mechanism. The respiratory arrhythmia continues in an animal the chest of which is widely open so that the lungs are stationary. When the respiration stops, as a result of an over ventilation, the arrhythmia also disappears. Snyder (1915) confirmed the observations of Frédéricq and expanded them by showing that the arrhythmia can be noticed even in the absence of any visible respiratory movements, but that even under these conditions it is of a central origin and depends on the respiratory centre. He suggests that the respiratory discharges may be so insignificant that they do not lead to an effective expansion of the chest; in fact, not even to a noticeable contraction of respiratory muscles, but they, nevertheless, affect the vagus centre and cause an appreciable inhibition of it. This conclusion rests on the observation that the arrhythmia occurring in absence of any sign of respiration keeps the rhythm of the respiratory movements which had been present before and which become re-established after a period of a temporary respiratory arrest. J. F. Heymans and C. Heymans (1928, 1929) investigated this problem with the help of cross circulation. They definitely express themselves in favour of the central mechanism of the arrhythmia since it is synchronous with the respiration and not with the ventilation of the lungs and since it continued, in their experiments, after the denervation of the lungs. They also found that the changes in the heart rate are not caused by the alteration of the blood pressure which accompanies the respiratory act so that the arrhythmia could not be attributed to some vascular reflexes. Although these authors find the changes in the heart rate to be synchronous with the respiration, they do not regard them as due to an irradiation from the respiratory centre since they can be observed, as has been first stated by Snyder, in the absence of all respiratory movements. Heymans (1929) suggests that there is a common rhythm which governs the activity of the respiratory and of the vagus centres and that there is no need to suppose that the respiratory rhythm directly influences the rhythm of the vagus centre. No experimental evidence has been advanced in favour of this view. Lately Heymans, Samaan, and Bouckaert (1934) seem to have accepted the fact that the lungs also play a part in the arrhythmia. Our experiments upon the central mechanism of the respiratory arrhythmia have been carried out with the technique described in the previous paper. It is obvious that in order to study the central arrhythmia without the interfering influences arising from the pulmonary reflexes, these reflexes must be abolished. We know of three conditions in which the cardio-accelerator impulses of pulmonary origin are almost or completely stopped: during a maximal deflation of the lungs, during the “secondary slowing” occurring in protracted inflation of the lungs, and after section of the thoracic vagi just above the lungs. The last condition obviously presents greater advantages because it is inadvisable, even in the innervated heart lung preparation, to keep the lungs collapsed for a long time, and it is difficult to be sure that the secondary slowing will remain unchanged. Therefore, all our experiments were made after preliminary section of the vagi about a centimetre above the roots of the lungs.

scholarly journals Functional Characteristics of the Respiratory System of People of All Ages

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Igor Isupov ◽  
Julia Syagailo ◽  
Artem Mazembah
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Premature Aging ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Functional Reserves ◽  
Regional Hemodynamics ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
The Impact

Studies of the functional state of the respiratory system have been widely used to assess the adaptive reserves of the human body. The functional state of the respiratory system is closely related to the functional characteristics of systemic and regional hemodynamics, functional reserves of the blood system. With changes in the social status of a person, the adaptive potential of his body can significantly decrease. Reliable markers of the limitations of adaptive potential in people of different ages are the decrease in the values of the main pulmonary volumes in the conditions of physiological rest and when performing test load tests. The negative dynamics of forced expirations due to the decrease in the strength of the auxiliary respiratory muscles and changing depending on age was established. The presence of this undesirable phenomenon can be a marker of reducing adaptation reserves in the study of the impact of environmental factors on the phenomenon of premature aging.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF RESPIRATORY GYMNASTICS ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.V. Pronina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases

This article describes the applied complex of breathing and restorative exercises for preschool children, with the help of which it is possible to strengthen the respiratory muscles of children and to prevent acute respiratory diseases. The assessment of the functional indicators of the children's respiratory system was carried out by the spirometry method.

scholarly journals Clinical and Functional State of the Visual Analyzer after Surgery for the Epiretinal Membrane from the Standpoint of the Relevance of Postoperative Rehabilitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
A. V. Malyshev ◽  
A. S. Balayan ◽  
A. I. Pavlov ◽  
I. G. Ovechkin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Epiretinal Membrane ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Visual Analyzer ◽  
Postoperative Rehabilitation ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All

Purpose: to study the clinical and functional state of the visual analyzer of patients after surgery for the epiretinal membrane (ERM) from the standpoint of the relevance of postoperative rehabilitation.Patients and methods. There were 158 patients under observation (158 eyes, main group, MG), among whom 66 % were men, 34 % were women aged 45–74 years (the average age of patients was 62.4 ± 1.5 years) with a diagnosis of ERM. At the same time, the leading form of ERM was idiopathic (122 patients, 77.2 %). As a control group (CG), were examined 32 patients of equal age and gender, who did not have visual organ pathology. In order to remove ERM, all patients underwent subtotal posterior vitrectomy with intraoperative administration of antioxidants, in particular glutathione contained in a balanced salt solution “BSS-PLUS” (Bausch + Lomb, USA). A comprehensive examination of the clinical and functional state of the visual analyzer was performed one month after surgery.Results. The data obtained indicate that almost all the studied parameters revealed a significant deterioration in the MG compared to the CG with a fairly good anatomical effect (the thickness of the central retinal zone after the operation was 287.1 ± 11.6 μm). In particular, a decrease in the subjective indicator “Quality of life” (by 53.1 %), as well as a deterioration in the objective indicators of the critical frequency of flicker fusion, the magnitude of the electrical lability of the retina and the threshold of electrical sensitivity of the retina (by 36.2; 38.2 and 45, 5 % respectively).Conclusions. A fairly good anatomical effect of vitreoretinal surgical intervention for ERM is accompanied (one month after the operation) by a significant decrease in the functional state of the visual analyzer. In order to restore vision more quickly, it seems advisable to conduct early postoperative rehabilitation (based on the complex use of physiotherapeutic effects and combined drug therapy) aimed at correcting functional disorders of the retina, which will lead to a decrease in the severity of characteristic complaints and an increase in the “Quality of life” of the patient.

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