scholarly journals Effect of food on seasonal response in Indian weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Shikha Malik ◽  
Rohit Kumar Pandey ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Plumage Color ◽  
Supplementary Food ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

We investigated the effect of normal (adlib) and supplementary food on body mass, testes growth, moult and plumage color in Indian weaver birds. Birds intially were kept under natural day length (NDL) and then exposed to short day lengths (8 h light: 16 h darkness) for at least 2 weeks before being subjected to an experimental regime. They were divided into five groups (n=4 each), groups 1 and 2 were held under SDL (Short day length -8L: 16D), groups 3 and 4 were exposed to LDL (Long daylength-16L: 8D) and simultaneously group 5 held under natural day length, served as control. One group of SDL (Group 2) and LDL (group 3) as well as group 5 (NDL) were fed on grain with supplement proteinaceous food and groups 2 and 4 were fed on adlib food (grain) only. Observations on body mass, testis growth, bodymolt and plumage color were recorded bi weekly. A significant change in the body mass under both photoperiodic groups (SDL; group 2 and LDL; group 4), but the testicular growth was noticed on long day lengths (LDL: 16L: 8D) and control (NDL) group. However the supplement food modulated the testes growth, body molt, beak pigmentation and body plumage regeneration. Early feather regeneration was found in supplementary food group under long day length. It is suggested that the supplementary food, affects the timing of the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) Biotypes in World Populations

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex W. Millhollon ◽  
David M. Burner
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Reliable Marker ◽  
Group 1

Itchgrass biotypes from 34 countries or territories were evaluated under controlled and natural day length at Houma, LA. They could be placed in five broad groups based primarily on the effect of day length on flowering but also on general morphology and pattern of growth. The Group 1 biotypes (Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba-1, Ecuador-1, Florida, Guadeloupe, Honduras-1, Louisiana-1, North Carolina, Papua New Guinea-1, Panama, Peru, Philippines-1, and Venezuela) were not affected by day lengths of 12 and 14 h (day length neutral) and flowered 35 to 57 d after germination. The Group 2 biotypes (Australia, Kenya-1, Reunion, South Africa, and Zimbabwe) also were not greatly affected by photoperiod and flowered 54 to 67 d after germination, and were taller with fewer and larger diameter culms than the Group 1 biotypes. The Group 3 biotypes (Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, and Philippines-2) were moderately sensitive to photoperiod. They took longer to flower at 14 h than at 12 h and flowered in 63 to 95 d. The Group 4 biotypes (Cuba-2, Dominican Republic, Ecuador-2, Honduras-2, India, Louisiana-2, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea-2, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, and Thailand) were short-day plants that did not flower in the screenhouse until August or September (130 to 163 d), after the natural photoperiod had decreased to 13 h. The Group 5 biotypes (Indonesia, Kenya-2, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, and Trinidad) were strict short-day plants that flowered only in September to November (167 to 226 d), after the day length had decreased to about 12 h. Most biotypes were diploids with 2n = 20 chromosomes, but some were polyploids (2n = 40 or 2n = 60). The shape of the glume tip on the pedicellate spikelet was found to be acuminate, acute, or obtuse for the biotypes with 2n = 20, 40, and 60 chromosomes, respectively, and was a reliable marker to distinguish diploids from polyploids.

Gonadal and photoperiodic influences on body mass regulation in adult male and female prairie voles

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. R1013-R1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Kriegsfeld ◽  
R. J. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prairie Voles ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Body Mass Regulation ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Short Days

Nontropical animals commonly use the annual change in photoperiod to phase seasonal adjustments that promote survival and reproduction. To cope with the energetic requirements of winter, many rodents alter body mass in anticipation of winter. Photoperiodic adjustments are often mediated by the pineal hormone melatonin; melatonin can exert a primary effect on body mass or secondarily affect body mass by changing blood gonadal steroid levels. The present study sought to determine if prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) alter body mass in response to short photoperiods. The role of the gonads in body mass regulation was also assessed. In experiment 1, males housed in short days increased body mass at a greater rate than long-day animals. Gonadectomy enhanced the body mass gain in short-day voles. These data suggest that the gonads contribute to short photoperiod-induced changes in body mass in male voles. In experiment 2, females housed in short days increased body mass at a greater rate than long-day animals, regardless of whether the animals were ovariectomized. Ovariectomy did not affect body mass in either long- or short-day animals, suggesting that the ovaries do not contribute to photoperiod-mediated changes in body mass in female prairie voles. Taken together, these studies suggest that male and female prairie voles use photoperiodic information to time seasonal changes in body mass.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of medical treatment in overcoming the ureteral double-J stent related symptoms

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugur Kuyumcuoglu ◽  
Bilal Eryildirim ◽  
Murat Tuncer ◽  
Gokhan Faydaci ◽  
Fatih Tarhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Double J Stent ◽  
Urinary Tract Symptoms ◽  
Stone Treatment ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

Background: We investigated whether the frequency of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) increased in patients in whom double-J stents were applied. We also evaluated several medical therapy protocols to treat symptoms related with ureteral stents.Materials and Methods: A total of 108 patients, in whom unilateral double-j stent was applied during ureteral stone treatment, were included. Before the double-J stent was applied, all patients completed storage components of the “International Prostate Symptom Score” (IPSSs), quality of life components of the IPSS (IPSS-QOL) and “Overactive Bladder Questionnaire” (OABq) forms and scores were calculated. After the procedure, cases were randomized into 5 groups, an antiinflammatory was given to Group 1, spasmolytic to Group 2, anticholinergic to Group 3 and α-blocker to Group 4. No additional drug was given to Group 5 as this control group. During the fourth week of the procedure, IPSSs, IPSS-QOL and OABq forms were again completed and scores were compared with the previous ones.Results: When all the cases were evaluated, the IPSSs, IPSS-QOLand OABq scores of patients in whom the double-J stent was applied were statistically significantly higher the procedure. Compared to the control group, the cases where the double-J stent was applied showed a higher IPSSs, IPSS-QOL and OABq scores and none of the medical therapies could prevent this increase.Interpretation: The frequency of LUTS increased in cases where the ureteral stent was applied and discomfort continued as long as the stent stayed in the body.

scholarly journals Zingerone Ameliorates Hepatotoxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julietpoornamathy J ◽  
Parameswari C.S.
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Group 1

In medical sciences, toxicity is an area wherein extensive studies have been carried to improve the diseases as well as to prevent. So, there is a high requirement for novel and improved alternative therapeutic strategies to manage diseases. The liver is the largest gland in the body, which executes several important mechanisms; it stores minerals and vitamins and releases them in periods of need. The main aim of this study was to give a closer insight into potent non- toxic compounds that is capable of modifying the responses. Animals were divided into five equal groups viz control (Group 1), administered with food and water ad libitum, (Group 2) administered with olive oil, (Group 3) administered with zingerone, (Group 4) administered with concanavalin A, (Group 5) administered with cyclosporine A followed by zingerone. Our results revealed significant changes in liver marker enzymes and liver histology of zingerone treated rats when compared to control rats.  A corollary, zingerone has no toxic effect on hepatocytes and was found to be safe at a dose of 10mg/kg b wt and also ameliorates hepatotoxicity.

Gonadal and photoperiodic control of seasonal body weight changes in male voles

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. R84-R88 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dark ◽  
I. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Gonadal Recrudescence

After 15 wk in a short photoperiod (10 h of light/day), adult male voles weighed 25% less and consumed 33% less food than did voles in a long photoperiod (14 h light/day). Neither body weight nor food intake differed among long- and short-day castrated voles. After 19 wk, castrated long-day voles weighed less than did intact animals. Voles reduced their body weight during the first 15 wk in the short photoperiod and increased their body mass during the succeeding 15 wk. Body mass of short-day voles was positively correlated with combined testes weight. Voles in the short photoperiod collected less nesting material than did their long-day counterparts at week 31. Pelage characteristics at week 32 were not affected by castration or by photoperiod. We conclude that the decreased body mass of male voles during the late summer, fall, and early winter reflects a decrease in circulating levels of testicular hormones; gonadal recrudescence and increased circulating androgen levels are in part responsible for the subsequent seasonal increase in body weight. Part of the increased body mass in late winter in field populations or in laboratory voles after 15 wk in the short photoperiod is independent of the resumption of gonadal activity. Fluctuations in neural and endocrine processes, rather than availability of food, are the principal factors underlying seasonal changes in energy balance.

Hypoglycemia and torpor in Siberian hamsters

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. R776-R781 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dark ◽  
Daniel A. Lewis ◽  
Irving Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Torpor Bouts

We tested whether reduced blood glucose concentrations are necessary and sufficient for initiation of torpor in Siberian hamsters. During spontaneous torpor bouts, body temperature (Tb) decreases from the euthermic value of 37 to <31°C. Among hamsters that displayed torpor during maintenance in a short-day length (10 h light/day) at an air temperature of 15°C, blood glucose concentrations decreased significantly by 28% as Tb fell from 37 to <31°C and increased during rewarming so that by the time Tb first was >36°C, glucose concentrations had returned to the value preceding torpor. Hamsters did not display torpor when maintained in a long-day length (16 h light/day) and injected with a range of insulin doses (1–50 U/kg body mass), some of which resulted in sustained, pronounced hypoglycemia. We conclude that changes in blood glucose concentrations may be a consequence rather than a cause of the torpid state and question whether induction of torpor by 2-deoxy-d-glucose is due to its general glucoprivic actions.

A method for induction and quantification of diapause entry in the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (6) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Des Marteaux ◽  
Marc B. Habash ◽  
Jonathan M. Schmidt ◽  
Rebecca H. Hallett
Keyword(s):  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Retrieval Method ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Swede Midge ◽  
Pupal Mortality ◽  
Contarinia Nasturtii ◽  
Cool Conditions

AbstractInduction of diapause under laboratory conditions is a valuable tool for the study of dormancy in economic pests such as the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). In the present study, diapause in larval swede midge was achieved via manipulation of rearing photoperiod and temperature. Frequency of diapause was assessed by sieve separation of diapause cocoons from pre-sifted peat substrate following emergence of pupating individuals. Mean diapause frequency for swede midge larvae reared under cool conditions with short day length or cool conditions with decreasing day lengths were 45.2% and 19.5%, respectively. Only 1.2% of swede midge reared under warm, long day length conditions entered diapause. A small percentage of larvae neither pupated nor entered diapause and remained in substrate long after other individuals had emerged as adults. This behaviour was more prevalent under cool and short or decreasing day length rearing conditions. Approximately 76% of the larvae used for diapause induction were recovered with the present larval and cocoon retrieval method, and premature (larval and pupal) mortality averaged 18.2%. Although diapause occurred in the present study, conditions resulting in higher diapause frequencies should be investigated and attempts should be made to improve survival and recovery of individuals.

scholarly journals Responses of earliness and lateness genes for heading to different photoperiods, and specific response of a gene or a pair of genes to short day length in rice

Hereditas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birendra Bahadur Rana ◽  
Misa Kamimukai ◽  
Mukunda Bhattarai ◽  
Yohei Koide ◽  
Masayuki Murai
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Heading Time ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Spring Sowing

Abstract Background Heading time is an important trait for regional and seasonal adaptabilities in rice, and is controlled by genetic factors in relation with environmental factors, mainly day length and temperature. The following genes controlling heading were examined for their responses to six different environmental conditions involving different day lengths using five early near-isogenic lines (NILs) of T65-R and three late NILs of T65wx: two earliness genes, Ef1 and Efx controlling basic vegetative phase (BVG), and m-Ef1, the enhancer to the former gene; and two lateness genes, Se1-pat(t) and se-pat controlling photo-sensitivity and BVG, respectively. T65-R and T65-T were different accessions of Taichung 65. T65wx is a NIL of T65-T carrying wx. Results The five early NILs of T65-R were in the order of ER50 (Ef1, Efx, m-Ef1) < ER40 (Ef1, m-Ef1) ≤ ER20 (Ef1, Efx) < ER1 (Ef1) ≤ ER21 (Efx) < T65-R regarding days to heading (DTH) under two spring-sowing and one summer-sowing paddy field (PF) conditions. The three late NILs of T65wx were in the order of LF3 (Se1-pat(t)) ≤ LF2 (Se1-pat(t), se-pat) ≤ T65wx < LF1 (se-pat) under two short-day conditions (10-h photoperiod condition with artificial-light and natural short-day condition from autumn to winter). The NILs and T65wx were in the order of T65wx < LF3 < LF1 < LF2 under the two spring-sowing PF (long day) conditions. T65-R (Ac-ef1) was 2.8 or 5.1 days earlier in DTH than T65-T (ac-ef1) under the two spring-sowing PF conditions. However, T65-R was 19 and 10 days earlier than T65-T under the two short-day conditions. Conclusions Earliness gene(s) and their combinations reduced DTH regardless of photoperiod lengths. Se1-pat(t) increased DTH under long-day conditions but decreased it under short-day conditions, while se-pat elongated DTH under both short-day and long-day conditions indicating that se-pat is responsible for BVG. The se-pat increased DTH by adding its effect over that of Se1-pat(t) under long-day conditions. However, this increasing effect of DTH by se-pat was almost completely masked when it coexisted with Se1-pat(t) under the short-day conditions. Notably, the response of Ac-ef1 to day length was found to delay heading under the short-day conditions.

scholarly journals Four Hour Temporal Relation of 5-HTP and L-DOPA Induces Inhibitory Responses in Recrudescing Gonad of Indian Palm Squirrel (Funambulus pennantii)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ranjana Jaiwal ◽  
C. M. Chaturvedi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Temporal Relation ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Testicular Recrudescence ◽  
Neurotransmitter Activity ◽  
Seasonally Breeding

Daily injections of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA, dopamine precursor) given 4 h after 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, serotonin precursor) induced inhibitory responses in recrudescing gonad (in the first week of December) of Indian palm squirrel, a seasonally breeding subtropical animal. Other temporal relations (L-DOPA given at 0, 8, 12, 16, and 20 h after 5-HTP administration) did not show any effect on the recrudescing gonad. This inhibitory effect of 4 h was evident under short day length (6 : 18) group but was masked by the increasing day length of nature (NDL, late December onwards) and increased photoperiod of long day group (16 : 8). It is apparent that seasonal testicular recrudescence of Indian palm squirrel during short day length by 4 h relation of 5-HTP and L-DOPA is not a pharmacological effect but actually is an alteration of seasonality in this annually breeding mammal. It seems that endogenous mechanism controlling seasonal testicular recrudescence of Indian palm squirrel is reset by timed daily injections of these neurotransmitter drugs. It is suggested that in spite of different environmental factors (photoperiod, humidity, etc.) used by different species to time their annual reproduction, basic mechanism of seasonality appears to be the same, that is, the temporal synergism of neurotransmitter activity.

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