A single-product crystallization scheme

2011 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Mike Inkson ◽  
Philip Antier ◽  
Malcolm Topfer
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Double Effect ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Raw Sugar ◽  
Stage Crystallization

During the SIT conference in Dubai 2005 a single strike crystallization scheme model based on the way that Russian beet factory operated when refining raw sugar was proposed and suggested that it would be particularly suitable for medium size refineries up to about 2000 t/d RSO (refined sugar output). Now there is operational a 1700 t/d RSO stand-alone refinery that uses the scheme. It melts up to VHP raw sugar with 1200 IU (ICUMSA units) and runs carbonatation followed by a light dosing of PAC (powdered activated carbon) as necessary then double effect evaporation to produce fine liquor. Target color for the fine liquor is 340 IU. The centrifugal run-off needs to be segregated into the higher purity, lower color (so-called white) and lower purity, higher color (so called ‘green’) run-off. The white run-off (about 75%) is sent to white crystallization. The remaining 25% (green run-off) is sent to a three-stage crystallization recovery but, given the high purity regime without affination, the ‘A’ sugar is melted back to fine liquor having been crystallized and purged as if food quality. The results presented in the paper show that the refinery is operating broadly as predicted, producing a refined sugar to EEC 2 standard.

scholarly journals Persistent and mobile organic chemicals in water resources: occurrence and removal options for water utilities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Scheurer ◽  
Anna Sandholzer ◽  
Tobias Schnabel ◽  
Stephanie Schneider-Werres ◽  
Mario Schaffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Rhine River ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Removal Processes ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Abstract Persistent and mobile organic micropollutants (PMOC) are being recognized as serious threats to water resources and drinking water suppliers have to use advanced treatment if raw waters are contaminated with PM substances. In this study, analytical methods for 25 micropollutants for which insufficient or no data on their occurrence in surface waters and on their behavior during drinking water treatment were available, were developed. More than 120 surface water samples were analyzed and laboratory tests were performed to evaluate the compoundś behavior during aerobic bank filtration (BF), activated carbon treatment, and ozonation. Ensulizole, 1,3-diphenylguanidine and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid had revealed the highest detection frequencies in the Rhine river. Concentration level and detection frequency correlated positively with the wastewater fraction. However, street run-off is likely an additional discharge pathway for 1,3-diphenylguanidine. In simulated BF, 7 (6) substances could be classified as persistent (very persistent). By applying powdered activated carbon, 42% of the substances were well removed as it was the case for 50% of the compounds when applying 0.2 mg/L O3. In total, eight of the substances detected in surface waters were weakly removed by at least one of the investigated removal processes and may cause problems for drinking water suppliers.

scholarly journals Application of permeable reactive barriers near roads for chloride ions removal

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Fronczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Pawluk ◽  
Marta Michniak
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Permeable Reactive Barriers ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Permeable Reactive Barrier ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Reactive Material ◽  
Reactive Materials ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Reactive Barriers

Application of permeable reactive barriers near roads for chloride ions removal One of the most critical sources of pollutants are road run-offs. Road run-off is a complex mixture of toxicants e.g. heavy metals, de-icing agents, organic compounds and water suspensions of solid substances. One of the most negative impact on the environment has sodium chloride which is used as de-icing agent. In the case of incorrect environment protection in the vicinity of roads pollutants may migrate to groundwater causing hazard to sources of potable water. One of the methods to prevent the migration of pollutants to groundwater is imposing the flow of polluted water through a reactive material filling a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). This paper examines the feasibility of selected reactive materials for the reduction chlorides concentration in road run-offs. Four different reactive materials: zero valent-iron, activated carbon, zeolite and geza rock have been chosen for studies. The tests results indicated that the most popular reactive materials used in PRB technology, activated carbon and zero-valent iron, removed exhibited the highest efficiency in chloride ions removal. Moreover, the composition of road run-off in samples collected along roads in Warsaw was determinated.

Comparison of two different techniques for sugar liquor decolourization in a raw sugar refinery

2012 ◽  
pp. 572-576
Author(s):  
Günther Ahring ◽  
Robert Emeis
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Raw Sugar ◽  
Sugar Refinery ◽  
Typical Treatment ◽  
Treatment Step

Several process steps are required to decolourize sugar liquor in a raw sugar refinery. One typical treatment step employs ion exchange columns (IEX) to reduce the colour in the sugar liquor. An alternative process step is using granular activated carbon (GAC) in pulsed bed adsorption columns to decolourize the sugar liquor. This paper compares the installation of a GAC against an IEX plant concerning space demand, investment costs, operating costs, performance and environmental aspects in a VHP raw sugar refinery.

scholarly journals In situ combined analysis of gases and electrochemical signals of an activated carbon-based supercapacitor at 2.7–4 V

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (56) ◽  
pp. 32188-32192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Zhou Xu ◽  
ZhiAn Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Combined Analysis ◽  
Carbon Based

Charging supercapacitors with high purity activated carbon provided different gas information and suggested the decomposition of salt prior to the solvent (PC).

scholarly journals Comparison of Mouth Level Exposure to ‘Tar’ and Nicotine in Smokers of Normal and Superslim King Size Cigarettes in Romania

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
M Ashley ◽  
A Sisodiya ◽  
M McEwan ◽  
J McAughey ◽  
K Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Written Informed Consent ◽  
Filter Analysis ◽  
Cigarette Design

AbstractFilter analysis methodology can be used to estimate smokers’ mouth level exposure (MLE) to ‘tar’ and nicotine from spent cigarette filters. Variation in smoking behaviour and cigarette design are known to have an impact on the range of ‘tar’ and nicotine MLE. Most ‘King Size’ (KS) cigarettes have a circumference of about 25 mm and are 83-84 mm long, with filters 20-27 mm in length. Recently, a slimmer format, described as a ‘King Size Superslim’ (KSSS), with a circumference of 17 mm, has become popular in several countries. Although several studies have estimated the MLE to ‘tar’ and nicotine of smokers of KS cigarettes, there have been no studies of KSSS smokers reported to date. KSSS cigarettes from Romania were chosen for this study with a single product to represent each 1, 4 and 7 mg machine-smoked ISO ‘tar’ yields. Since these products have filters containing activated carbon, comparisons were made with a single product at each ISO ‘tar’ level of KS cigarettes with both activated carbon filters (King Size Carbon - KSC), to assess the effect of format on MLE, and cellulose acetate filters (King Size Non-carbon - KSNC) to assess the effect of filter carbon on MLE. A target population of 50 to 70 male and female smokers (subjects) aged 21 to 50 years of each product were recruited in Romania, with self-reported consumption of 15-25 cigarettes per day. The subjects gave written informed consent before commencing the study. Mean MLE to ‘tar’ and nicotine obtained by the smokers of all products were greater than ISO pack ‘tar’ and nicotine as reported in numerous studies. Regarding MLE to ‘tar’, there were no significant differences between the KSC, KSNC and KSSS smokers within each of the 1, 4 and 7 mg machine-smoked ISO ‘tar’ yield groups, but there were significant differences between the ISO pack ‘tar’ groups: 1 mg < 4 mg < 7 mg. Regarding MLE to nicotine, KSC and KSSS smokers obtained similar yields within an ISO pack ‘tar’ group. KSNC smokers obtained lower MLE nicotine yields than the KSC and KSSS smokers at both 4 mg and 7 mg ISO pack ‘tar’, corresponding to lower blend nicotine levels. No gender differences were observed.

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