An Eye-tracking Research on Featural, Configural and Holistic Processing Strategies in Face Perception

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the mechanisms of face perception when using the technology of eye-tracking. In the scientific literature, two processes are distinguished - analytical (perception of individual facial features) and holistic (perception of a general configuration of facial features). It is assumed that each of the mechanisms can be specifically manifested in patterns of eye movements during face perception. However, there is disagreement among the authors concerning the eye movements patterns which reflect the dominance of the holistic or analytic processing. We hypothesized that the contradictions in the interpretation of eye movement indicators in the studies of face perception may be associated with the features of the eye-tracker data processing, namely, with the specifics of identifying areas of interest (eyes, nose, bridge of the nose, lips), as well as with individual strategies of eye movements. Objective. Revealing the features of eye movements analysis in the process of facial perception. Method. A method for studying analytical and holistic processing in the task of assessing the attractiveness of upright and inverted faces using eye-tracking technology has been developed and tested. The eye-tracking data were analyzed for the entire sample using three types of processing, differing in the marking of the areas of interest (AOIs), and separately for two groups differing in eye movement strategies. The distinction of strategies was considered based on differences in the mean values of the fixation duration and the amplitude of saccades. Results. It was shown that: the presence of statistically significant differences of the dwell time in the AOIs between the condition of upright and inverted faces depended on the method of identifying these AOIs. It was shown that the distribution of the dwell time by zones is closely related to individual strategies of eye movements. Analysis of the data separately by groups showed significant differences in the distribution of the dwell time in the AOIs. Conclusion. When processing eye-tracking data obtained in the studies of face perception, it is necessary to consider individual strategies of eye movements, as well as the features associated with identifying AOIs. The absence of a single standard for identifying these areas can be the reason for inconsistency of the data about the holistic or analytical processing dominance. According to our data, the most effective for the analysis of holistic processing is a more detailed type of marking the AOIs, in which not only the main features (eyes, nose, mouth) are distinguished, but also the area of the nose bridge and nose.

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Effects of age on memory for pragmatic implications in advertising

Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology ◽

10.1177/18344909211000452 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 183449092110004

Author(s):

Jing Yu ◽

Xue-Rui Peng ◽

Ming Yan

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Time Processing ◽

Movement Data ◽

Processing Strategies ◽

Health Related ◽

Advertising Content ◽

Inferential Processing ◽

Tracking Technology

People employ automatic inferential processing when confronting pragmatically implied claims in advertising. However, whether comprehension and memorization of pragmatic implications differ between young and older adults is unclear. In the present study, we used eye-tracking technology to investigate online cognitive processes during reading of misleading advertisements. We found an interaction between age and advertising content, manifested as our older participants generated higher misleading rates in health-related than in health-irrelevant products, whereas this content-bias did not appear in their younger counterparts. Eye movement data further showed that the older adults spent more time processing critical claims for the health-related products than for the health-irrelevant products. Moreover, the correlations between fixation duration on pragmatic implications and misleading rates showed opposite trends in the two groups. The eye-tracking evidence novelly suggests that young and older adults may adopt different information processing strategies to comprehend pragmatic implications in advertising: More reading possibly enhances young adults’ gist memory whereas it facilitates older adults’ verbatim memory instead.

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ADOS-Eye-Tracking: The Archimedean Point of View and Its Absence in Autism Spectrum Conditions

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.584537 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ulrich Max Schaller ◽

Monica Biscaldi ◽

Anna Burkhardt ◽

Christian Fleischhaker ◽

Michael Herbert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Face Perception ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽

Gaze Behavior ◽

Face Region ◽

Mobile Eye Tracking ◽

Standardized Diagnostic

Face perception and emotion categorization are widely investigated under laboratory conditions that are devoid of real social interaction. Using mobile eye-tracking glasses in a standardized diagnostic setting while applying the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2), we had the opportunity to record gaze behavior of children and adolescents with and without Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASCs) during social interaction. The objective was to investigate differences in eye-gaze behavior between three groups of children and adolescents either (1) with ASC or (2) with unconfirmed diagnosis of ASC or (3) with neurotypical development (NTD) during social interaction with an adult interviewer in a diagnostic standard situation using the ADOS-2. In a case control study, we used mobile eye-tracking glasses in an ecologically valid and highly standardized diagnostic interview to investigate suspected cases of ASC. After completion of the ASC diagnostic gold standard including the ADOS-2, the participants were assigned to two groups based on their diagnosis (ASC vs. non-ASC) and compared with a matched group of neurotypically developed controls. The primary outcome measure is the percentage of total dwell times assessed for different areas of interest (AOI) with regard to the face and body of a diagnostic interviewer and the surrounding space. Overall, 65 children and adolescents within an age range of 8.3–17.9 years were included in the study. The data revealed significant group differences, especially in the central-face area. Previous investigations under laboratory conditions gave preferential attention to the eye region during face perception to describe differences between ASC and NTD. In this study – using an ecologically valid setting within a standard diagnostic procedure – the results indicate that neurotypically developed controls seem to process faces and facial expressions in a holistic manner originating from the central-face region. Conversely, participants on the Autism Spectrum (tAS) seem to avoid the central-face region and show unsystematic gaze behavior, not using the preferred landing position in the central-face region as the Archimedean point of face perception. This study uses a new approach, and it will be important to replicate these preliminary findings in future research.

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Investigating the Time Course of Part-Based and Holistic Processing in Face Perception

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02630 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Chao-Chih Wang

Keyword(s):

Face Perception ◽

Time Course ◽

Holistic Processing

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The eyes have it: Using eye tracking to inform information processing strategies in multi-attributes choices

Health Economics ◽

10.1002/hec.3626 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 709-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Mandy Ryan ◽

Nicolas Krucien ◽

Frouke Hermens

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Processing Strategies

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Individual differences at 20 months: analytic and holistic strategies in language acquisition

Journal of Child Language ◽

10.1017/s0305000900007789 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 293-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Inge Bretherton ◽

Sandra McNew ◽

Lynn Snyder ◽

Elizabeth Bates

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Language Acquisition ◽

Holistic Processing ◽

Data Sets ◽

Partial Support ◽

Language Abilities ◽

Processing Strategies ◽

Acquisition Strategies ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Using Data

ABSTRACTThe study focuses on the language abilities of 30 20-month-old children, using data from two sources: a detailed maternal interview and 90 minutes of videotaped observation. Observed language was coded into the categories used for the interview. Production and comprehension at 28 months (MLU, PPVT and morphology comprehension) were also assessed. Observation and interview data at 20 months were highly intercorrelated. Cluster analyses of both data sets yielded referential, grammatical morpheme and dialogue clusters, providing partial support for the nominal/pronominal and referential/expressive acquisition styles reported in the literature. However, the referential and grammatical morpheme clusters were highly correlated, suggesting that two acquisition strategies are developing in parallel. Only for those children who heavily emphasize one strategy can one speak of a distinctive style. All interview and observation clusters predicted 28-months MLU, but the grammatical morpheme clusters did not predict later performance on a Grammatical Morpheme Test. It is tentatively suggested that holistic processing strategies underlie the pronominal/expressive style.

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The face perception system becomes species-specific at 3 months: An eye-tracking study

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/0165025412465362 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 95-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Elisa Di Giorgio ◽

David Méary ◽

Olivier Pascalis ◽

Francesca Simion

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Face Perception ◽

Visual Experience ◽

Specific Class ◽

Perception System ◽

The Face ◽

Perceptual Characteristics ◽

Species Specific ◽

Species Preferences ◽

Human Faces

The current study aimed at investigating own- vs. other-species preferences in 3-month-old infants. The infants’ eye movements were recorded during a visual preference paradigm to assess whether they show a preference for own-species faces when contrasted with other-species faces. Human and monkey faces, equated for all low-level perceptual characteristics, were used. Our results demonstrated that 3-month-old infants preferred the human face, suggesting that the face perception system becomes species-specific after 3 months of visual experience with a specific class of faces. The eye tracking results are also showing that fixations were more focused on the eye area of human faces, supporting the notion of their importance in holding visual attention.

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Looking at my own Face: Visual Processing Strategies in Physical Self-representation

10.1101/096073 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Anya Chakraborty ◽

Bhismadev Chakrabarti

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Visual Processing ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Autistic Traits ◽

Self And Other ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Processing Strategies ◽

The Face ◽

Specific Association

AbstractWe live in an age of ‘selfies’. Yet, how we look at our own faces has seldom been systematically investigated. In this study we test if visual processing of self-faces is different from other faces, using psychophysics and eye-tracking. Specifically, the association between the psychophysical properties of self-face representation and visual processing strategies involved in self-face recognition was tested. Thirty-three adults performed a self-face recognition task from a series of self-other face morphs with simultaneous eye-tracking. Participants were found to look at lower part of the face for longer duration for self-face compared to other-face. Participants with a reduced overlap between self and other face representations, as indexed by a steeper slope of the psychometric response curve for self-face recognition, spent a greater proportion of time looking at the upper regions of faces identified as self. Additionally, the association of autism-related traits with self-face processing metrics was tested, since autism has previously been associated with atypical self-processing, particularly in the psychological domain. Autistic traits were associated with reduced looking time to both self and other faces. However, no self-face specific association was noted with autistic traits, suggesting that autism-related features may be related to self-processing in a domain specific manner.

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