The Progress of the Biological Function of Rap Signaling in Nervous System

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Zongyong ZHANG ◽  
Bin LI ◽  
Jianfeng LIU ◽  
Li SU
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Biological Function

scholarly journals Awareness and integrated information theory identify plant meristems as sites of conscious activity

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Trewavas
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Complex Networks ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Extrinsic Information ◽  
Integrated Information Theory ◽  
Conscious Activity ◽  
Integrated Information

AbstractLacking an anatomical brain/nervous system, it is assumed plants are not conscious. The biological function of consciousness is an input to behaviour; it is adaptive (subject to selection) and based on information. Complex language makes human consciousness unique. Consciousness is equated to awareness. All organisms are aware of their surroundings, modifying their behaviour to improve survival. Awareness requires assessment too. The mechanisms of animal assessment are neural while molecular and electrical in plants. Awareness of plants being also consciousness may resolve controversy. The integrated information theory (IIT), a leading theory of consciousness, is also blind to brains, nerves and synapses. The integrated information theory indicates plant awareness involves information of two kinds: (1) communicative, extrinsic information as a result of the perception of environmental changes and (2) integrated intrinsic information located in the shoot and root meristems and possibly cambium. The combination of information constructs an information nexus in the meristems leading to assessment and behaviour. The interpretation of integrated information in meristems probably involves the complex networks built around [Ca2+]i that also enable plant learning, memory and intelligent activities. A mature plant contains a large number of conjoined, conscious or aware, meristems possibly unique in the living kingdom.

scholarly journals Targeted Disruption of the Gene for the PAK5 Kinase in Mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (20) ◽  
pp. 7134-7142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Li ◽  
Audrey Minden
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Functional Redundancy ◽  
Targeted Disruption ◽  
Embryonic Lethal ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT PAK5 is a member of the group B family of PAK serine/threonine kinases and is an effector for the Rho GTPase Cdc42. PAK5 is highly expressed in the brain and is expressed at lower levels in several other tissues. In cell lines, PAK5 has been shown to play a role in filopodia formation and neurite outgrowth. To examine the biological function of PAK5, we deleted the PAK5 gene in mice. The phenotypes of the PAK5-null mice are completely different from those of mice null for PAK4, another member of the group B PAK family. Unlike PAK4-null mice, which are embryonic lethal, PAK5-null mice develop normally and are fertile. The nervous system appears normal in the absence of PAK5, as do other tissues in which PAK5 is normally expressed. Our results suggest functional redundancy between PAK5 and other Rho GTPase targets.

Myelin Basic Protein as a “PI(4,5)P2-Modulin”: A New Biological Function for a Major Central Nervous System Protein†

Biochemistry ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (39) ◽  
pp. 10372-10382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdiwahab A. Musse ◽  
Wen Gao ◽  
Lopamudra Homchaudhuri ◽  
Joan M. Boggs ◽  
George Harauz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Myelin Basic Protein ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Biological Function

scholarly journals Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Young Park ◽  
Yeo Wool Kang ◽  
Won Gil Cho
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Inflammasomes are protein platforms consisting of multiple proteins. The biological function includes the activation of caspase-1, leading to the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. These pro-inflammatory cytokines promote fundamental inflammatory processes in numerous infectious diseases. The inflammasome-mediated inflammation has become increasingly important in central nervous system disorders. In neurodegenerative disorders, significant contributors to disease progression include neuroinflammation and inflammatory cascades initiated by the inflammasome protein complex. This review discusses the recent progress of research on inflammasome associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

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