Charlemagne’s Health in ‘Old Age’: Did It Affect Carolingian Military Strategy?

Mediaevistik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-53
Author(s):  
Bernard S. Bachrach

During the first thirty-three years of his reign as king of the Franks, i.e., prior to his coronation as emperor on Christmas day 800, Charlemagne, scholars generally agree, pursued a successful long-term offensive and expansionist strategy. This strategy was aimed at conquering large swaths of erstwhile imperial territory in the west and bringing under Carolingian rule a wide variety of peoples, who either themselves or their regional predecessors previously had not been subject to Frankish regnum.1 For a very long time, scholars took the position that Charlemagne continued to pursue this expansionist strategy throughout the imperial years, i.e., from his coronation on Christmas Day 800 until his final illness in later January 814. For example, Louis Halphen observed: “comme empereur, Charles poursuit, sans plus, l’oeuvre entamée avant l’an 800.”2 F. L. Ganshof, who also wrote several studies treating Charlemagne’s army, was in lock step with Halphen and observed: “As emperor, Charlemagne pursued the political and military course he had been following before 25 December 800.”3

Fossil Record ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-D. Heinrich

Tendaguru is one of the most important dinosaur localities in Africa. The Tendaguru Beds have produced a diverse Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian to Tithonian) dinosaur assemblage, including sauropods (<i>Brachiosaurus, Barosaurus, Dicraeosaurus, Janenschia</i>), theropods (e.g., <i>Elaphrosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus</i>), and ornithischians (<i>Kentrosaurus, Dryosaurus</i>). Contrary to the well studied skeletal anatomy of the Tendaguru dinosaurs, the available taphonomic information is rather limited, and a generally accepted taphonomic model has not yet been established. Assessment of unpublished excavation sketches by the German Tendaguru expedition (1909–1913) document bone assemblages of sauropod and ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Saurian Bed, Upper Saurian Bed, and the Transitional Sands above the <i>Trigonia smeei</i> Bed, and shed some light on the taphonomy of the Tendaguru dinosaurs. Stages of disarticulation range from incomplete skeletons to solitary bones, and strongly argue for carcass decay and post-mortem transport prior to burial. The sauropod bone accumulations are dominated by adult individuals, and juveniles are rare or missing. The occurrence of bones in different superimposed dinosaur-bearing horizons indicates that skeletal remains were accumulated over a long time span during the Late Jurassic, and the majority of the bone accumulations are probably attritional. These accumulations are likely to have resulted from long-term bone imput due to normal mortality events caused by starvation, seasonal drought, disease, old age and weakness. The depositional environment of the Middle and Upper Saurian Bed was mainly limnic to brackish in origin, while the palaeoenvironment of the Transitional Sands was marginal marine. <br><br> Tendaguru zählt zu den bedeutendsten Dinosaurier-Lagerstätten Afrikas. Aus den Tendaguru-Schichten sind zahlreiche Skelettreste von Sauropoden (<i>Brachiosaurus, Barosaurus, Dicraeosaurus, Janenschia</i>), Theropoden (z.B. <i>Elaphrosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus</i>) und Ornithischiern (<i>Kentrosaurus, Dryosaurus</i>) geborgen worden. Sie stammen aus der späten Jura-Zeit (Kimmeridge — Tithon). Während der Skelettbau der Tendagurusaurier gut untersucht ist, wirft die Taphonomie des Sauriervorkommens von Tendaguru noch immer Fragen auf. Unklar ist bislang, wie die enormen Anreicherungen von Dinosaurierknochen in den Tendaguru-Schichten zustandekamen. Unveröffentlichte Grabungsskizzen der Deutschen Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913) erweitern unsere Kenntnisse über die Taphonomie der Tendagurusaurier. In den ausgewerteten Grabungsskizzen sind Knochenansammlungen von Sauropoden und Ornithischiern aus dem Mittleren und Oberen Sauriermergel sowie aus den Übergangsschichten über der <i>Trigonia smeei</i>-Schicht dokumentiert. Die Lage und der Erhaltungszustand der Funde lassen auf erheblichen Zerfall der Kadaver und post-mortalen Transport von Skelettelementen vor der Einbettung schließen. Das Vorkommen von Saurierknochen in mehreren übereinanderliegenden Profilabschnitten der Tendaguru-Schichten zeigt, daß Skelettreste während der späten Jura-Zeit über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg akkumuliert wurden. Die Ansammlungen von Skelettresten gehen wahrscheinlich auf „normale” Sterbe-Ereignisse zurück, wie z. B. Verhungern, Verdursten, Kankheit, Altersschwäche und jahreszeitliche Dürre. Als Ablagerungsraum der Mittleren und Oberen Saurierschicht kommt ein küstennaher limnischer, zeitweise wohl auch brackischer Küstenstreifen in Betracht. Die knochenführenden Übergangsschichten unter- und oberhalb der Saurierschichten sind randlich marine Ablagerungen. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020102" target="_blank">10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020102</a>


Author(s):  
A. Shurubovich

The article examines development of economic situation in Belarus in the period of political instability connected with the presidential elections on August 9, 2020 and mass protests against supposed falsification of their results. Condition of the Byelorussian economy on the eve of political crisis is presented including major directions of influence of this crisis on the economy; growth of financial instability, strikes at enterprises, skilled personnel drain, sanction pressure on the part of the West. It is shown that the political crisis in the RB, despite many forecasts, has not provoked so far an economic chock in the country, but in a long-term perspective it may have serious negative consequences. Therefore achievement of high economic indices projected by the country’s leadership in the near future seems highly problematic.


1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Quester

AbstractWhile it is often argued that U.S. military strategy has gone through substantial changes over the post three decodes, it is not so clear if this is so, or why this should be so. Some changes in the real strategic problem of the west must be considered, including the growth of the Soviet nuclear arsenal. Changes in our perception of the problem may be at least as important, however, amid some possibilities of ‘Finlandisation’. Changes in the West’s opportunities must also be considered, including ‘limited nuclear war’, and a totally conventional defense. Finally to be considered are the bureaucratic motivations of those advocating any such changes in western military postures, all of which suggest that current policies may still be better than the alternatives.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Carpentieri

AbstractThis paper explores representations of old age in the poetry of Ibn Ḥamdīs (444–527/1056–1133 CE). It shows how the poet, while adhering to a codified aesthetics, creatively reworked specific sub-genres of the “qaṣīda” into a personal ‘poetics of ageing’. It is my contention that Ibn Ḥamdīs built such a poetics on binary constructions which parallel bodily deterioration with the collapse of social cohesion and the political decline of Islam in the West. The first part of the paper focuses on form. I discuss Ibn Ḥamdīs’ usage of the theme of “aš-šayb wa ’š-šabāb” within a multipartite ode, showing how, according to an established tradition, the poet used canonical motifs of old age poetry as transitional segments, enhancing the poem’s conceptual unity. The second part of the paper focuses on selected verses of nostalgia for the homeland (“al-ḥanīn ilà ’l-awṭān”), elegies (“riṯāʽ”) and ascetic poems (“zuhd”). These sub-genres are read in conjunction in order to formulate a preliminary definition of Ibn Ḥamdīs’ own ‘poetics of ageing’.


Author(s):  
Pavel Kolář

This article outlines the place of Eastern Europe in global communism. After considering the historical origins of communism, it concentrates on the period of state socialism (1945–89). The communist project was part of East European societies’ long-term endeavour to overcome their backwardness and to catch up with the West. It thus found itself between nation-building and Sovietization. The article argues that Eastern European communism was characterized by four major contradictions: between nation and class, state and society, production and consumption, and culture and ideology. The regimes successfully mastered these conflicts for a rather long time, acquiring a considerable degree of legitimacy in the process. Yet eventually these contradictions caused communism’s collapse in the late 1980s. Through this prism, the article traces the development of communism from popular democracy through Stalinism and de-Stalinization to ‘actually existing socialism’.


1961 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Charles

There is little reason for thinking that the anti-rightist campaign of 1957–58, which closed the Hundred Flowers interlude, was undertaken in order to overcome an organised opposition in the central leadership of the Chinese Communist Party rather than to deal with a political situation that was clearly getting out of hand. The victims were either bourgeois intellectuals and members of the so-called “democratic parties” or communist officials of the second rank, for the most part provincial administrators. Their fate presumably strengthened the hand of the doctrinaires in the Party and weakened the will of the moderates to oppose the extravagances of the subsequent “great leap forward”; and there are doubtless many in China as well as the West who believe that Mao's personal involvement in the fiasco of liberalisation may have constituted the first stage in a process which would lead eighteen months later to his withdrawal from the chairmanship of the republic. The political repercussions were, however, long-term; the immediate effect of the change of line may have been to cement rather than undermine the solidarity of the leaders.


Author(s):  
Yue Chim Richard Wong

Inequality in the 21st century is not only about alleviating poverty among the low- income classes but also about preventing the middle-income classes from sinking into near-poverty. It is about investing in people to make them more productive and in possession of both hard and soft skills, and attracting overseas talent. It is about lowering regulatory restrictions to increase the supply of land, housing, and buildings to prevent the worsening of division in society. It is about investing in medical and health care so that elderly people can live with dignity in old age. It is about providing income support for those without means, especially in old age. Rising economic inequality has begun to polarize politics. Most of it has manifested as a demand for democracy and frustration with “one country, two systems.” More people, especially the young, are losing hope; some are disaffected, and some are angry. At the center of this unhappiness is a complex interrelated set of issues that are simply different sources of rising economic inequality. There is a strong sense of injustice because the political system has failed to address the problem for a very long time.


2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
José S. Vericat

Fatah leaders routinely accuse Hamas of plotting to establish an “emirate” in the Gaza Strip. Gaza is in fact turning into a statelet separate from the West Bank, but it is Israeli policies that are driving the “Gaza is Palestine” option with a series of measures that have been implemented since the early 1990s to sever Gaza from the West Bank. This development has intensified under the administration of U.S. president Donald Trump. In the White House's vision for Middle East peace, which turns the West Bank into a series of isolated Bantustans enveloped by Israeli territory and shorn of Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip becomes the centerpiece of any future Palestinian entity. The international community, laser focused on avoiding another war in Gaza, has prioritized the humanitarian over the political crisis, furthering the excision of the Palestinian territory. As aid flows directly into Gaza, bypassing Ramallah, and Israel and Hamas negotiate a long-term ceasefire, the Palestinian Authority (PA) finds itself increasingly marginalized.


2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1261-1268
Author(s):  
Shu Otani ◽  
Dang-Trang Nguyen ◽  
Kozo Taguchi

In this study, a portable and disposable paper-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) was fabricated. The MFC was powered by Rhodopseudomonas palustris bacteria (R. palustris). An activated carbon sheet-based anode pre-loaded organic matter (starch) and R. palustris was used. By using starch in the anode, R. palustris-loaded on the anode could be preserved for a long time in dry conditions. The MFC could generate electricity on-demand activated by adding water to the anode. The activated carbon sheet anode was treated by UV-ozone treatment to remove impurities and to improve its hydrophilicity before being loaded with R. palustris. The developed MFC could generate the maximum power density of 0.9 μW/cm2 and could be preserved for long-term usage with little performance degradation (10% after four weeks).


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