Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) Synthesized from Microcellulose of Cassava Peel

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-235
Author(s):  
Suripto D. Yuwono ◽  
Endah Wahyuningsih ◽  
Noviany ◽  
Agung A. Kiswandono ◽  
Wasinton Simanjuntak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
H2so4 Solution ◽  
Substitution Degree ◽  
Cassava Peel ◽  
Weak Peak

In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized from the cellulose of cassava peel using alkalization and etherification reaction, and it was subsequently characterized with various techniques. Microcellulose was obtained by hydrolyzing a;-cellulose from cassava peel using H2SO4 with concentrations of 45%, 47%, and 49%. The experimental results indicate that the varying concentrations of acid affect the particle size of the cellulose, with 49% H2SO4 solution producing a cellulose with particle size of around 0.45-2.42 �m and relative percentage of 11.3% according to PSA analysis. Other analyses conducted included determination of substitution degrees, DTG/DTA/TGA, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The value of the substitution degree was determined at 0.27. TGA decomposition thermograms at a temperature of 150oC-320oC of 19.60 % indicate CMC compounds. DTA thermograms show that these CMC compounds have endothermic properties at 140oC and exothermic properties at 260oC. FTIR spectra show the presence of absorption band at wave number 1605 cm-1, which is a characteristic absorption of carbonyl group bound to cellulose. The results of SEM analysis indicate that the CMC has a tenuous surface morphology, and the XRD diffractograms are marked by the presence of weak peak at 2e = 20o, implying the existence of CMC as mostly amorphous.

Preparation and Characterization of Broad-Spectrum Sunscreens Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier

2013 ◽  
Vol 669 ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Yan Ling Chen ◽  
Qiang Xia
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Nanostructured Lipid Carrier ◽  
High Pressure Homogenization ◽  
Spectrophotometric Detection ◽  
Ultraviolet Absorbance ◽  
Organic Uv Filters

A comprehensive photoprotective formulation was developed to enhance photoprotection ,compared to a conventional nanoemulsion ,having the concentration of two new molecular sunscreens, namely Diethylamino hydyoxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate(Uvinul ® A Plus) and Ethylhexyl triazone(Uvinul® T 150). In the present paper, the sunscreen mixture was incorporated into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). After the production by hot high pressure homogenization, the NLC were analyzed in terms of particle size, physical state, particle shape, ultraviolet absorbance and stability. The particle size for all NLC was around 100-900 nm after production. The determination of 2 organic UV filters was performed by HPLC with UV spectrophotometric detection. The loading capacities for molecular sunscreens was up to 30%. In the sunlight, the retention rate of Uvinul ® A Plus and Uvinul ® T150 was still up to 80% after three months .

Characterization of solid magnetic nanoparticles by means of solid sampling high resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2391-2398 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vereda Alonso ◽  
M. M. López Guerrero ◽  
M. T. Siles Cordero ◽  
J. M. Cano Pavón ◽  
A. García de Torres
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Solid Sampling ◽  
Continuum Source

Direct determination of iron concentration and particle size of solid MNPs using HR CS GFAAS.

In Situ Synthesis and Characterization of Nanosize Hydroxyapatite/Polyacrylonitrile Composite Bead

2013 ◽  
Vol 743-744 ◽  
pp. 486-490
Author(s):  
Ming Mei Xu ◽  
Wang Xiao ◽  
Yong Zhu Cui ◽  
Wei Shao ◽  
Yan Ling Sui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Composite Bead ◽  
Composite Beads ◽  
High Conversion Ratio

nanosize hydroxyapatite/polyacrylonitrile composite bead was prepared via in-situ synthesis method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size measurement and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the HAp/PAN composite bead. XRD curve indicates low crystallinity of HAp. Particle size and SEM analysis demonstrates that decreased partical size of synthesized HAp as well as good distribution with the addition of PAN is found. The HAp is well-distributed and the combination between HAp and PAN is well. FTIR showed that there was no shift of characteristic peaks of synthesized HAp in PAN, which proves the physical interaction between PAN and HAp. The approximate HAp content of 28.6% calculated from thermal analysis curves means high conversion ratio of HAp. The adsorption amount of cadmium ions onto composite beads is lower than HAp particles.

Preparation and Characterization of Bi-Doped LaAlO3 via Sol-Gel Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 30-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui Fang Sun ◽  
Xi Wei Qi ◽  
Teng Zhang ◽  
Xiao Yan Zhang ◽  
Huan Huan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Doping Content ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Bi Doping

A series of Bi-doped BixLa1-xAlO3 (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) powders have been prepared by sol-gel method at 800°C. The influences of Bi doping content on phase, morphology, particle size, surface area, infrared absorption spectrum are discussed. XRD results show that there is no second phase in powders when x≤0.3, however, there exist impure phases when x≥0.4. The SEM analysis indicates the particle size of powder is 50-150nm. The specific surface area is 5-13 m2/g.

scholarly journals Characterization of kaolin dispersion using acoustic and electroacoustic spectroscopy

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Dohnalová ◽  
L. Svoboda ◽  
P. Sulcová
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ultrasonic Techniques

The objective of this work is the investigation of the kaolin dispersion by the ultrasonic techniques. In contact with aqueous solution clay minerals show cation - exchange properties and certain degree of dissolution or rather selective leaching of components. The work is divided into two main parts - determination of zeta potential and particle size distribution. The first part is focused on measuring of zeta potential. Effects of concentration of solid, different kind of electrolytes (0.01 M KCl, 0.01 M MgCl2 and 0.01 M CaCl2), pH and temperature of the dispersions are investigated. The isoelectric points (IEP) of kaolin suspension are about pH 4-5. Electrolytes containing monovalent cations such as K+ become zeta potential more negative compared to the values obtained with water. Such behavior is explained by the exchange of K+ ions with H+ ions in the system. When the electrolyte is formed by divalent cations such as Mg2+ or Ca2+, the values of zeta potential become less negative than zeta potential of kaolin in water. The second part is focused on the determination of particle size distribution with respect to dispersing conditions, such as the optimal dispersing agent (Na2SiO3, (NaPO3)6, Na4P2O7 or Busperse), time and power of ultrasonication and also the tracking of dispersion stability that is expressed by the measuring of particle size distribution during certain time period.

scholarly journals Penentuan Senyawa Dan Pemodelan Suhu Pada Saat Pemanasan Batu Kapur Untuk Mendapatkan CaO Murni Dari Batu Kapur Papua

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Egosrivajawaty Sinaga ◽  
Hubertus Ngaderman
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Modeling ◽  
Limestone Sample

ABSTRACT Determination of compounds and temperature modeling during heating of limestone have been carried out to obtain pure CaO from Papua limestone. . The purpose of this research is to determine the compounds, morphology and characteristics of each element and molecule present in limestone from Papua and to simply model the optimum temperature to obtain CaO. From the results of XRF testing, there is one main element that contains the most chemical elements in the limestone sample from black soil (sample 1) and perumnas three (sample 2), namely Ca (calcium) with weight percent 99.57 and 99.69. XRD results are also supported from characterization with EDS where the dominant elements of sample 1 are O, Ca and Mg in sample 2 dominant elements Ca, O and C. Then based on SEM analysis, the morphology of CaMg (CO3) 2, Ca (Co3) and MgCa ( Co3) resembles a cube but the particle size is uneven and irregular due to impurities. The temperature obtained based on the results of this calculation is 12800C.

Characterization of Fly Ash and its Reactions in Concrete

1984 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Della M. Roy ◽  
Karen Luke ◽  
Sidney Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Chemical Dissolution ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Distribution Shape ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Residual Coal

AbstractFly ashes are currently being produced that are much more widely different from each other in composition and other characteristics than had been previously experienced, owing to the widespread use of low rank subbituminous and lignitic coals. The current ASTM classifications into Class F and Class C pozzolan categories are not adequate to describe all their important properties. Current characterization methods are reviewed, including physical characterization by particle size distribution, shape, apparent specific gravity, content of hollow grains and of residual coal fragments, etc., chemical procedures of various kinds, and SEM, EDXA, XRD, and other methods for the determination of mineralogical content and glass character. Etching and chemical dissolution procedures are particularly important. The state of these various methods, current results of their use in rly ash characterizations, and the relations of these to reactivity and performance of fly ashes in cement and concrete are discussed.

Crystallographic characterization of ethylammonium salts of tetracyanopyridine (TCPy) and fluorescence determination of the degree of substitution of the amino nitrogen atom thereof

CrystEngComm ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (36) ◽  
pp. 5500-5507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg V. Ershov ◽  
Sergey S. Chunikhin ◽  
Mikhail Yu. Ievlev ◽  
Mikhail Yu. Belikov ◽  
Viktor A. Tafeenko
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Atom ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Degree Of Substitution ◽  
Amino Nitrogen Atom ◽  
Fluorescence Determination ◽  
Substitution Degree

Luminescence determination of the substitution degree of the amino nitrogen atom using ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine and tetraethylammonium has been shown.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Poorly Soluble Drug Nifedipine by Solid Sedds

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Sabitri Bindhani ◽  
Utkalika Mohapatra ◽  
Snehamayee Mohapatra ◽  
Rajat K. Kar
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Drug Content

Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calci channel blocking agent belongs to biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class-II mainly applied in the treatment of hypertension and angina-pectoris. The objective of this work is to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of nifedipine by formulating into a solid-self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (solid smedds). Methods: Oil, Surfactant, and cosurfactant were selected by solubility screening study. For the determination of the best emulsion region, a pseudo ternary diagram was prepared. Based on solubility castor oil, tween 80 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 was selected in which SCOSmix (a mixture of surfactant and cosurfactant) was 1:1. Thermodynamic stability study was performed for the determination of stable smedds formulation. These formulations were evaluated for self emulsification time, drug content analysis, robustness to dilution test, particle size analysis, and in vitro diffusion study. The optimized formulation was selected for formulating into solid-smedds by using aerosil 200 at a different ratio. SCF9L (0.65:1) was selected due to its good flow property. Then it was evaluated for particle size analysis, drug content study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction study (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Scanning Electron Microscopy study (SEM) analysis, and in vitro dissolution study. Results: DSC and XRD result shows that the drug within the formulation was in the amorphous state. From the SEM analysis, the texture of powder showed a uniform granular structure, and there was no incompatibility between drugs. Excipients was observed from ftir study. From the in vitro dissolution study, it improved the dissolution rate of nifedipine, which was 98.68% of drug release, where pure drug release only 6.75%.

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