scholarly journals Assessment of Cadmium in Maize and Millet of Different District using Canal and Wastewater Irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 406-418
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Ifra Saleem Malik ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Fu Chen ◽  
Yongjun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioconcentration Factor ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Translocation Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Health Risk Index

The article is focused on concentration of cadmium in maize and millet collected in 2018-2019 from different district (Sargodha, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Lahore and Kasur) of Punjab under different irrigation sources Canal and wastewater. The values of Bioconcentration factor, Translocation factor, Pollution load index, Daily intake of metal, Health Risk Index and Enrichment factor were studied to evaluate the effect of heavy metal accumulation on grains quality and human health. Most of the metals observed in wastewater were present in high amount. Cd concentration increased considerably under wastewater irrigation in soil (1.06 mg/kg) and grains (1.05 mg/kg). Cd showed highest bioconcentration (3.82 mg/kg) in canal water. Wastewater irrigated soil exhibited the maximum Pollution Load Index (PLI) values as compared to control treatment. Under the influence of wastewater irrigation, Cd concentration increased considerably in soil and grains. The purpose of study is the labeling of Maize and Millets species of the area according to their toxicity/desirability for use as human food and fodder.

scholarly journals Impact of Wastewater and Canal Water Irrigation on the Accumulation of Copper in Maize and Millet of Different Districts of Punjab Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
Ifra Saleem Malik ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Humayun Bashir ◽  
Asma Ashfaq
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Translocation Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Spectrometric Method ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometric

In current work, we examined the absorption of metal Copper in generally grown food crops (Maize & Millet), cultivated in the waste water irrigated different Districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Analyzed samples of Water, Soil, shoot and grain were processed through atomic absorption spectrometric method. Our findings of Copper in water and Shoot were highest for Millet of Sargodha, irrigated with wastewater (1.69 mg/kg and 1.43 mg/kg respectively). In soil and grain samples maximum absorption of Cu was obtained in the waste water irrigated Maize (Sargodha) and Millet (Sheikhupura). Overall, Cu level was within the acceptable parameters set by FAO/WHO (2001). In this study, we also find out different indices such as Enrichment factor, Translocation factor, Pollution Load Index, Bio-concentration factor, Daily intake of metal and Health Risk Index. The study determined that frequently intake of waste watered forages in experimenting zone may carry possible health uncertainties in inhabitants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cadmium Contaminated Roadside Soil Surface and its Transfer to Animals through Forage: Assessing the Health Risk Assessment for Ruminants

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Nimra Arshad ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Humayun Bashir ◽  
Sonaina Nazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Living System ◽  
Bioaccumulation Factor ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Health Risk Index

The increasing pollution in most industrialized area is a really attention seeking issue now a days. Air pollution caused by vehicular smoke contains handsome percentages of heavy metals like cadmium. Cadmium like other heavy metals accumulated in the bodies of living systems found around roads. Among the living system cadmium accumulate up to alarming rate like in soil, plants and animals. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the possible risk of the Cadmium on the soil, forage and buffalos. The study was done in the area of Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan. There were six sites selected for study on accumulation of Cd in the forages, soil and the Buffalo blood. The Cd content in soil samples was highest in sample collected from site III. The Cd content was highest in the forage sample collected from site IV and in the blood samples, and the bioaccumulation factor was highest in the samples collected from site V. The positive and non-significant correlation was found when soil and forage was correlated, unlike the correlation found between blood and forage which was found negative non-significant. The samples from site III showed high daily intake of metals, health risk index, and pollution load index. This study will bring attention towards the development of the strategies in order to be safe from the toxic effects of cadmium.

scholarly journals Transfer and accumulation of cadmium in soil, forages and animals: Risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Razia Sultana ◽  
Xiaoping Ge ◽  
Fu Chen ◽  
Sidra Anwar ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Bioconcentration Factor ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Living System ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Spss Software

Abstract Over past several years pollution in industrialized areas is the most attention seeking issue. Higher level of heavy metals especially cadmium is accumulated in atmosphere evolved from smoke of automobiles. Living system present around the contaminated areas accumulate heavy metals in their bodies. Heavy metals have been accumulated in soil, water, forages and animals so study was conducted in industrialized area Faisalabad to evaluate the possible risk. Three sites was selected to check the accumulation of cadmium in soil, water, forages and animals. These sampling sites was areas along the roadsides of Chak Jhumra, Jaranwala and Samundri. Sample of soil, forages,water and blood,hair feces of animals was collected from these sites. The digestion of samples was carried out with the help of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to evaluate heavy metal analysis. Analysis of variance was done by using SPSS Software (version no. 20) and two ways ANOVA. Result indicated that concentration of Cd was higher in soil irrigated with municipal wastewater and concentration of Cd was highest in forages C. album present at site III. Higher concentration of Cd was observed in blood of sheep higher than critical value. Concentration of cadmium was higher than critical in blood of animals indicating transfer of metal via intake of contaminated forages. The sample collected from site III showed high daily intake of metals (DIM), health risk index (HRI), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF) and Bioconcentration factor (BCF). This study will bring consideration concerning the development of approaches in order to overcome the toxic effects of cadmium.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pasture Allowance of Manganese for Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping GE ◽  
Fu Chen ◽  
Laraib Saqlain ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Animal Blood

Abstract The aim of study was to access the Mn contamination in soil, forages and animals. Heavy metal pollution is a matter of prime significance in natural environment. Through food chain toxicity of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation potential are transferred into humans .Higher concentrations of metallic compounds are toxic to living organisms but these are essential to maintain body metabolism. Intake of food crops polluted with heavy metals is chief food chain channel for human exposure. Animals are exposed to heavy metal stress by the intake of richly contaminated food crops those are chief part of food chain. We collected samples of soil, plant, animal blood, hair and faeces to find contamination through wet digestion process in lab and metal analysis. Different forages were collected to study Mn calculation was our major concern in this study. Our present findings also emphasized on the assessment of bio-concentration factor (BCF). We also calculated other significant indices i.e. Pollution load index (PLI), daily intake of metal (DIM), Health Risk Index (HRI) and Enrichment factor (EF). While the experimentation result showed different concentrations of metal in different seasons. When the Mn concentration in forages was (20.01-28.29 mg/kg) and in soil (5.27-8.90 mg/kg). Soil samples showed higher level of (PLI) Pollution load index. Bio-concentration of iron was (2.59-4.21 mg/kg). It can be concluded as regular monitoring of the level metal is essential evaluate the contamination status.

scholarly journals Does the Chromium Element in Forages and Fodders Grown in Contaminated Pasture Lands Cause Toxicity in Livestock: Assessing the Potential Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 397-405
Author(s):  
Yongjun Yang ◽  
Zafariqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Nimra Arshad ◽  
Saif Ur Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Blood Samples

Contamination of the ecosystem is a highly concerning issue as various types of pollutants get released into the environment which ultimately enter the food chain and create disturbance there. This study reported the chromium concentrations in the buffalo blood, soil and forages. The heavy metals from the toxic smoke get accumulated in the forage and the buffalos consuming this contaminated forage. This study was carried out in Sargodha during December 2015 to January 2016 (winter) and May 2016 to June 2016 (summer). Five road sites (Mateela, Faisalabad roadside, Shaheenabad roadside, Bhalwal roadside and 50 chak were selected from sampling of forages, soil and buffalo blood sample. In order to find out chromium in the soil, forages and blood samples, the atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used. The values of chromium in soil and forage samples were found highest at Site-II, while the amount of chromium in buffalo blood samples was highest collected from Site- III. The bio-concentration factor for forage and soil was found highest at Site-III. The bio-concentration factor for blood and forage was highest at Site-VI. The correlation was found positive and significant when soil-forage was correlated. On the other hand, negative significant was found for chromium when blood-forage was correlated. The pollution load index, daily intake and health risk index was highest in the samples collected from Site-IV.

scholarly journals Trace Metal Accumulation in Rice Variety Kainat Irrigated with Canal Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13739
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Asim Mansha ◽  
Muhammad Hamzah Saleem ◽  
Farah Tariq ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Translocation Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Metal Levels

Due to the rapid increase in industrial and urban areas, environmental pollution is increasing worldwide, causing unwanted changes in the air, water, and soil at biological, physical, and chemical levels, ultimately causing negative effects for living things. This work was performed in Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan, and examined and measured heavy metal levels in various plant parts of the rice (Oryza sativa) variety Kainat (roots, shoots, and grains) with results been set in relation to the soil around the root area. The samples were taken from five different sites. The mean level of trace metals (mg/kg) in grains was soil-dependent and varied from cadmium (Cd) (2.49–5.52), zinc (Zn) (5.8–10.78), copper (Cu) (4.82–7.85), cobalt (Co) (1.48–6.52), iron (Fe) (8.68–14.73), manganese (Mn) (6.87–13.93), and nickel (Ni) (2.3–8.34). Excluding Cd, the absorption of all metals under inspection was recorded within permissible limits, as recommended by the FAO and WHO. The pollution load index for Cd was highest at all sites. The enrichment coefficient of Co, Cd, and Cu were greater. The bioaccumulation factor at all studied sites was present, in order: Cu ˃ Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Co ˃ Ni ˃ Cd. The translocation factor was present at five different sites: Mn ˃ Fe ˃ Cu ˃ Zn ˃ Co ˃ Cd ˃ Ni. The health risk index of all inspected metals was lower than 1 and was within safe limits. The higher pollution of Cd suggested maintenance of rice crop is recommended, decreasing health risks in humans.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cadmium in Sewage Water Irrigated Soil and its Transfer to Fodder with Respect to Health of Livestock

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmed ◽  
Saman Nazar ◽  
Sonaina Nazar ◽  
Humayun Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Health Risk Index

Heavy metal concentration in sewage water irrigation of fodders, milk, and soil was studied. It was a serious issue because excess of sewage water is used for irrigating crops and due to excessive use of waste-water heavy metals build up in plants and when animals consume these plants metals transfer to their bodies and milk causes different problems. Six samples were collected Trifolium alexandrinum, Avena sativa, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica campestris from five sites. All the samples were digested by wet digestion method. After digestion a clear transparent solution of all samples was obtained which was analyzed in atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Different indices were applied including bio concentration factor, daily intake of metals, health risk index, enrichment factor, pollution lad index, correlations of fodders, soil and milk was done. Pollution load index of current study was less than 1 which indicates that soil was less polluted. Health risk for Cd was present higher than 1 which was an indication of risk to health of animals in eating Cd contaminated fodders. Daily intake of metal was lower than 1 it showed there was no risk in consuming fodders to health of animals. In water samples level of Cd was higher above permissible limit. Cd mean concentration was higher in milk than permissible limit which showed that animals graze more contaminated fodder in open areas and drink waste-water that�s why metals accumulate in their tissues and milk causing toxicity.

scholarly journals Assessing Health Risk in Livestock through Quantification of Iron in Forages, Soil and Buffalo Blood from Sargodha, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Yongjun Yang ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Fahad Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Roadside Plants

Air pollution is very important issue now-a-days. This has affected the components of environment to a great extent. Organisms like animals, plants and human beings are forced to live in such polluted environments. One of the pollution sources to the environment is vehicular traffic which has toxic effect on the roadside plants. In this study, roadside forages, soil and buffalo blood were studied to estimate the level of heavy metal pollution, iron in particular, in Sargodha from six chosen sites at perimeter of major roads. Collected samples were processed and digested for quantification of iron by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Soil and buffalo samples from the site V showed high concentration of iron, whereas in forage, samples collected from site IV had greatest iron concentration. The bio concentration factor found for forage-soil was highest in the samples collected from site IV. On the other hand, bio-concentration factor for blood-forage and pollution load index was found highest in the samples collected from site V. Correlation for soil-forage and blood-forage was found negatively non-significant. The daily intake of metals for iron was found highest for site IV. The Health risk index was highest for the samples collected from site VI.

scholarly journals Bioaccumulation and Transfer of Zinc in Soil Plant and Animal System: A Health Risk Assessment for the Grazing Animals.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Chen ◽  
Fatima Ghulam Muhammad ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Ifra Saleem Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Health Risk Index

Abstract Heavy metal pollution has thoroughly worldwide apprehensions due to the instantaneous growth of industries. Farming regions are irrigated mainly with wastewater which contains both municipal and industrial emancipations. Therefore, three sites irrigated with ground, canal and municipal-wastewater in the District Jhang were selected to determine the zinc accumulation and its transfer in the soil, plant and animal food-chain. Soil, forage and animal samples of cow, buffalo and sheep were selected from each site. Various pollution indices were also measured to assess the zinc exposure to grazing animals. Zinc concentration was ranged as 18.85-35.59mg/kg in the soil, 26.42-42.67 mg/kg in the forage and 0.982-2.85mg/kg in the animal samples. Investigated zinc concentration in soil and forages was found to be within the recommended WHO/FAO limits but blood samples exceeding the standards of NRC (2007). Maximum level of pollution load index (0.427-0.805mg/kg) and enrichment factor (0.373-0.894 mg/kg) for zinc was noticed upon waste water irrigation. Daily intake (0.039 to 0.082 mg/kg/day) and health risk index (0.130 to 0.275 mg/kg/day) of zinc metal was higher in the buffaloes that feed on waste water irrigated forages. Bio-concentration factor (0.840 to 2.01mg/kg) for soil-forage was >1 represented that these plants accumulated the zinc concentration into their tissues and raised health issues in grazing animals on consumption of waste water contaminated forages. Overall findings of this study, suggested that animal herds should be monitored periodically to devise preventive measures regarding the toxic level of heavy metals availability to livestock.

scholarly journals Speciation of Two Heavy Metals in Pastures and Animals: An Assessment of Health Risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Chen ◽  
Laraib Saqlain ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Health Risk Index

Abstract The aim of study was access the cobalt and lead contamination in soil, forages and animals. Heavy metal pollution is a matter of prime significance in natural environment. Through food chain toxicity of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation potential are transferred into humans .Higher concentrations of metallic compounds are toxic to living organisms but these are essential to maintain body metabolism. Intake of food crops polluted with heavy metals is chief food chain channel for human exposure. Animals are exposed to heavy metal stress by the intake of richly contaminated food crops those are chief part of food chain. We collected samples of soil, plant, animal blood, hair and faeces to find contamination through wet digestion process in lab and metal analysis. Different forages were collected to study Zn amount in forages whilst soil and animals in Mianwali Pakistan. The health risk index (HRI) calculation was our major concern in this study. Our present findings also emphasized on the assessment of bio-concentration factor (BCF). We also calculated other significant indices i.e. Pollution load index (PLI), daily intake of metal (DIM), Health Risk Index (HRI) and Enrichment factor (EF). While the experimentation result showed different concentrations of metal in different seasons. When the Zn concentration in forages was (32.59-42.17mg/kg) and in soil (21.82-35.09 mg/kg). Soil samples showed higher level of (PLI) Pollution load index. Bio-concentration of zinc was (1.03-1.57mg/kg). It can be concluded as regular monitoring of the level metal is essential evaluate the contamination status.

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