scholarly journals TRACES OF THE ANCIENT PATHS IN THE STEPPE TAVRIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-214
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Boltryk ◽  
O. V. Karyaka
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Feather Grass ◽  
Different Color ◽  
The 19Th Century

The original appearance of the steppe surface of the southern part of the eastern European plane was transformed by the centuries of the anthropogenic impact. Along with feather grass the traces of the ancient roads have disappeared. However, the satellite images still detect the areas around some kurhans having kept the waggons traces. We can recognize them due to the different color of vegetation as well as by the coloration of the open soil. The antiquity of the roads near kurhans is witnessed by the cases of tracks, covered by the burial mounds, that were erected in the Bronze Age. An additional indicator of the ancient transport network on the maps of the 19th century are wells or groups of pits in the open steppe, the number of which should be associated with the need to water a large number of cattle. The latter occurred during the arrival of a trade caravan or a train of wagons. The kurhans themselves are an ancient form of mass cult buildings in the Eurasian steppe, which have attracted both large main and secondary roads. Powerful tradition of building kurhans, fading and restoring through times, existed from the Eneolithic to the late Middle Ages. The appearance of new mounds or the completion of existing ones periodically renewed the system of landmarks in the monotonous steppe. The paper provides an overview of previously unknown megastructures near the Scythian giant kurhans of Oguz and Chortomlyk, which in the form of light parallel stripes are recorded on satellite images. These stripes are probably traces of trenches or the foot of stone alleys, that were found to the east of the edge of the Oguz and outreached 800—850 m, and from Chortomlyk — 670 m. A search on various satellite images of the similar light stripes near other kurhans did not yield positive results. However, in the central part of the Dnieper-Molocha steppe region, satellite images luckily detected 19 nodes (intersections) of ancient ways connected to the kurhans’ mounds. Some of these nodes do yet not fit the complete road network of the region. But six of these nodes appear to be in the area of the route of the ancient path, known in the Middle Ages as Muravsky (Murava Route). It leaded from the Don basin, through the left (eastern) part of the basin of the Dnipro River to Crimea through the Isthmus of Perekop. Interestingly, this branch of the Muravsky Trail crosses the Sirogozy ravine between the kurhans of Kozel and Oguz. In previous reconstructions of the transport network, the option of passing this branch in the south of the Oguz, between the giant embankment and Diyiv kurhan, was preferred. The other three intersections lie in the lane of the old Chumaks’ Way or the Crimean Way, marking a forty-kilometer section between kurhans Kozel and Velyka Tsymbalka. From the center of the Tavria Steppe at least four directions of paths emerge towards the ancient Dnipro fords-crossings: Rogachytsia, Lepetych, Cair (Nosakiv) and Kіzikermen (Tavan).

„Im Namen Gottes des Allmächtigen!“

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Winzeler
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract„In the Name of God the Almighty!“, Swiss constitutional law on religions - balancing and apeacing in historic tradition. From the 16th century onwards, the Reformation and its consequences have influenced the development of the Swiss Confederation. During the late Middle Ages, the Confederation had been struggling to find its way as a system of treaties within a growing number of Cantons. The Reformation divided the Cantons in two ‚camps‘, both trying to defeat each other on the battlefield, which resulted in four successive Peace Treaties (‚Landfriedensbünde‘). 1847 there was a last civil war between the conservative or catholic ‚camp‘ and the liberal or protestant majority. From 1848 until 1973, the Federal Constitution contained discriminations against catholics, including a probihition of the Jesuits. In 2009, under changed circumstances, a new religious discrimination was introduced into the Constitution: the ban on minarets. Islam is now making a way through Swiss history comparable to that of Catholicism in the 19th century. Yet the law of the Cantons, developed over the centuries, provides for adequate instruments to cope with the challenges of the 21st century.

scholarly journals Osteological materials from Chechnya and Ingushetia in the collections of the MSU Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Yakov B. Berezin ◽  
◽  
Marina K. Karapetian ◽  
Pavel P. Kartsev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
State University ◽  
Postcranial Skeleton ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Moscow State University ◽  
Storage Units ◽  
Research Institute

The article revises osteological collections from Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. Materials and methods. We worked mainly with the archival records of the Museum of Anthropology and the Institute of Archaeology RAS, and directly with the museum items (skulls). The collections from Chechnya and Ingushetia originated mostly from excavations conducted by E.I. Krupnov and his students – R.M. Munchaev and V.I. Markovin in the 1930s and 1950-1960s. In addition to these materials, there are three skulls brought to the museum by V.F. Miller at the end of the 19th century, and two skulls donated to the museum by V.V. Bunak in the first half of the XX century. Results. Some inconsistencies in archaeological dates were revealed between the archival records, information in the 1986 catalog and in the scientific excavation reports. In cases when this was revealed, the revised archaeological dates were presented. The most remarkable was the situation with the Bamut cemetery. Among 7 skulls, listed in all archival documents of the Museum of Anthropology as late medieval, one skull was found to be Eneolithic. Conclusion. Osteological materials from Chechnya and Ingushetia of the Museum of Anthropology collections amount 29 storage units (29 skulls and 1 incomplete postcranial skeleton) and cover a wide chronological range from the Eneolithic to the Late Middle Ages. The craniological data for most of these materials were published by A.G. Gadzhiev and V.P. Alekseev.

scholarly journals West-Eastern Poetic Compositions of the First Third of the 19th Century: from Goethe’s Divan to the ‘Sonnet/Ghazal’ by Mickiewicz / Topczi-Baszy

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-103
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Kudelin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
The West ◽  
Persian Version ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Persian Translation

The article is concerned with reciprocity between Western and Eastern literatures of the 19th century, when Orientalist motives began to take hold in European writings. Goethe, in his “West-Östlicher Divan” (1819), attributed this interest to the everlasting excellence and value, which the Eastern masterpieces hold for the West. However, as it is clear nowadays, the ‘West-Eastern’ compositions cannot be seen as truthfully retaining the spirit of the Eastern classics, which was based on a different system of meanings and values. On the other hand, it became clear that the Eastern reception of these European works in the 19th century could not be true to the Western original, either, since even most progressive Eastern literatures of the time kept to artistic principles and system of genres of the Late Middle Ages. Against this historical and critical background, the article investigates the outcome of one venture — the emergence of a Persian translation of Adam Mickiewicz’s poem, commissioned by himself for his “Sonnets” (1826). Dzafar Topczi-Baszy adjusted the sonnet for an Eastern audience. Having presented his translation as a sample of the medieval genre of tadhkira (which has to contain both biographical and anthological features), Topczi- Baszy supplied the Persian version of the poem with facts about Mickiewicz; he cast the poem into a Persian poetic form — ghazal; he replaced the elements of Romantic imagery with the Eastern ones.

scholarly journals MULTILAYERED SETTLEMENT TAGANAEVO 5 IN CISURALS (PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH)

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (06) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
E.V. Ruslanov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Romanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Middle Strata

In November 2019 the joint group of researcers from the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Institution of History, Language and Literature of Ufa Federal Research Center of Russian Academy of Science has conducted archaeological exploration with the aim to find new monuments of the Middle Ages in the Kushnarenkovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. As a result of this exploration Taganaevo 5 settlement was discovered. Collection of materials found in the course of the test pits drilling consist of animal bones, fragments of pottery and handbuilt ceramics, clay coatening, hand forged nails, a fragment of the iron knife and a lithic core. Taganaevo 5 presents itself a multilayer site. The upper strata of its’ cultural layer refer to the ethnographic time dating back to the 19th century, middle strata contain ceramics of Bahmutino and Kushnarenkovo cultures (V-VII ) and at the lower strata have ceramics of the Srubnaya archaeological culture related to the era of the late Bronze Age and the Eneolithic (Agidel culture). Exploraion works which are aimed at finding new archaeologial sites in the forest-steppe zone of the Cis-Urals as well as the cultural and chronological attribution of these sites contribute greatly to the accomulation of a source base for an archaeological map showing resettlement of the representatives of the Agidel ceramics culture and representatives of the Srubnaya, Kushnarenkovo and Bahmutino ceramics types. As well as the location and spread of the settlements (historical sites, villages and auls) during the Modern Age.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LEFT BANK OF THE URTEMKA RIVER MOUTH (THE KOZHEVNIKOVSKY DISTRICT OF THE TOMSK REGION)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
BORODOVSKIY A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Ceramic Vessels

The article is devoted to a review of the archaeological survey results of the left bank of the Urtamka River mouth (the Kozhevnikovsky District of the Tomsk Oblast). The purpose of the research was to localize the station of the Urtam ostrog, marked on the map of 1701 by S.U. Remezov, located on the left bank of the Urtamka River. The survey of this territory made it possible to detect an elevated area (Urtamskoe-II), fenced on three sides by a sub-square ditch 2 m wide and 0.4 m deep. The total dimension of the fence was 200 m, which formally correlates with the perimeter of the Urtam ostrog, indicated in a written source of the late 17th century (1687). However, the archaeological study of the ditch section and the inner fenced area of the newly identified fortified settlement Urtamskoe-II did not reveal the cross-section of the ditch and the foundations of the log wall that are characteristic for the Early New Time. Such results complicate their connection with the Urtam ostrog. In addition, the osteological materials and fragments of the rims of ceramic vessels from the Irmen culture (Late Bronze Age) were found in the cultural layer of the discovered settlement. It should be noted that for the territories occupied by several archaeologically investigated ostrogs (Tomsky, Umrevinsky, Sayansky, etc.), the facts of the discovery of the earlier archaeological materials are quite typical. However, the ditch fence of the sub-square outlines of the residential area of the fortified settlement Urtamskoe-II significantly distinguishes it from the nearest Irmen settlement of the Baturino-1. Fencing with a “П” shaped moat are more typical for the settlements of the late Middle Ages on the territory of neighboring Baraba (Tyumenka, Chinyaikha). In general, the archaeological research carried out reflected the general tendency which is the complexity of localizing the ostrog as an archaeological site. Keywords: archaeological exploration, Upper Ob Region, ancient settlements, settlements, ostrog

scholarly journals Notes on the 14th-century Ya'qubiyya Complex in Tlemcen, Algeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
Péter T. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Region I ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper discusses the Islamic funerary complex in central Tlemcen, Algeria, built in 1362–1363, recorded in historical sources as "the Ya'qubiyya", and today known by the name of Sidi Ibrahim al-Masmudi. During the late middle ages, the north-west corner of Africa was shared between two related Berber dynasties, the Marinids of Fez (Morocco) and the Zayyanids of Tlemcen, who were in constant conflict with one another. The Ya'qubiyya complex was erected by the Zayyanid sultan Abu Hammu Musa II (r. 1359–1389) to commemorate his father and two of his uncles, who were praised in coeval sources as heroes of the war against the Marinids. In this article, I shall describe how the Ya'qubiyya was discovered in the 19th century, study the relevant sources in Arabic, discuss the extant buildings indicating their original parts, and touch upon the complex’s relations with other sites in the region. I shall conclude that, although the Ya'qubiyya commemorated members of the Zayyanid family who had fought successfully against the Marinids, its basic concept was adopted from the earlier shrine of the Marinid dynasty at Shalla (Rabat-Salé, Morocco).

scholarly journals "Yet another book on nationalism." Enkele recente bijdragen tot de theorievorming

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-86
Author(s):  
Luc Boeva
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
New Beginning ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The 19Th Century

Deze bijdrage bespreekt aan de hand van een aantal recente publicaties drie thema's uit het actuele theoretisch debat rond nationalisme: de moderniteit van naties en nationalisme, nationale identiteit en de comparatieve methode. Over het eerste verscheen een boek dat een nieuwe, op historische bronnen gebaseerde, start voor de studie van het nationalisme wil betekenen, tegen het modernistisch paradigma in. Volgens auteur Caspar Hirschi ligt de oorsprong van nationalisme in de late Middeleeuwen, vroege vormen van nationalisme kwamen reeds tijdens de Renaissance voor en modern nationalisme kon enkel dergelijke mobiliserende kracht verwerven omdat het reeds lang aanwezig was in politiek, geleerdheid en kunst. Niet de aantrekkingskracht voor de massa was belangrijk, maar wel de nabijheid van de nationalisten tot de macht. Het identiteitsdebat wordt steeds meer gevoerd, maatschappelijk maar ook in verschillende wetenschappelijke disciplines. Zoals in de discursieve benadering door Ludo Beheydt van de culturele identiteit van de Nederlanden langs taal en kunst, of in de verzamelbundel rond de spanningsrelatie met het internationale en het lokale bij de nationale legitimering in België en Nederland tijdens de 19de eeuw, bij literatuur- en taalbeschouwing, de geschiedschrijving en de productie van 'eigen' literatuur. Ten slotte passeren enkele bijdragen rond de methodologie voor de vergelijkende studie van het nationalisme alsmede enkele recente toepassingen de revue.___________ "Yet another book on nationalism". Some recent contributions to the generation of theories This contribution discusses three themes from the current theoretical debate about nationalism on the basis of a number of recent publications: the modernity of nations and nationalism, national identity and the comparative method. In reference to the first theme, a book was published that hopes to provide a new beginning for the study of nationalism, based on historical sources, and contrary to the modernist paradigm. According to the author Caspar Hirschi, the origin of nationalism dates from the late Middle Ages. Early forms of nationalism already existed during the Renaissance whilst modern nationalism was only able to acquire such a mobilising power because it had been present for such a long time in politics, erudition and art. What was important was not its attractiveness for the masses, but the nationalists’ proximity to power. The identity debate is taking place more and more frequently, in society as well as in several scientific disciplines. For instance, it is found in Ludo Beheydt’s discursive approach to the cultural identity of the Netherlands via language and art, or in the collected works about the field of tension between the international and local level for the national legitimation in Belgium and the Netherlands during the 19th century, in debates about literature and language, the historiography and the production of the ‘own’ literature. Finally, some contributions are reviewed about the methodology for the comparative study of nationalism as well as some recent applications thereof.

scholarly journals Dziecko chłopskie w czasie profanum – konteksty edukacyjne (średniowiecze – epoka nowożytna)

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-32
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kabacińska-Łuczak ◽  
Krzysztof Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Rural Child ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Skills

The paper discusses the issue of functioning of the rural child during the time of the profanum, within the period from the late Middle Ages till the 19th century. The purpose of this text is to attempt to answer the questions: how did peasant children participate in the time of the profanum – understood as a time of non-celebration, and thus working time resulting from the rhythm of nature and the calendar of fieldwork, and the time of play? What did rural children learn during that time? What social and cultural skills did they acquire? The analysis of iconographic, memoir and literary sources serves the historical and pedagogical interpretation.

scholarly journals MAUSOLEUM AND MONUMENTS OF ANCIENT CEMETERY IN AGLOBI VILLAGE (TYPOLOGY, EPIGRAPHY, DECOR)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-42
Author(s):  
Zamir Sh. Zakariyaev ◽  
Magomedrashid G. Gasanov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Central Place ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Decorative Design

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the monuments of the old cemetery in the Dagestan village of Aglobi. These sites were hardly studied before. The central place in the cemetery is occupied by a large domed mausoleum with a burial inside. Unlike the vast majority of other Dagestani mausoleums, the building in Aglobi is made of bricks. In our opinion, the mausoleum was originally built in the late Middle Ages (XV-XVI centuries), and at the very beginning of the XVIII century. it was repaired, as evidenced by an inscription dated 1114 / 1702–03. The study of the epigraphy of the mausoleum made it possible to establish both the name of the person buried in it, who was a Sufi (feast), and the name of the organizer of the repair and restoration work. The latter is marked with the social term mujavir, which was first recorded in the epigraphy of Dagestan. The carried out analysis of the grave monuments indicates that the formation of the cemetery took place over several centuries. The old grave monuments of the cemetery chronologically cover the period from the Late Middle Ages to the middle of the 19th century. The study of the monuments includes an analysis of their typology (sarcophagi, rectangular-vertical steles), decorative elements. For the first time, the Arabic-language epigraphy of the Aglobi monuments is introduced into scientific circulation. It was established that the style of the epitaphs, the external appearance and decorative design of the grave monuments of the cemetery have direct analogies with the monuments of the Derbent zone, the historical regions of South Dagestan, and also Shirvan.

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