scholarly journals «THE HEADLESS HORSEMAN». THE SKYTHIAN GRAVE IN THE BARROW NEAR KUSTORIVKA VILLAGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-281
Author(s):  
O. D. Kozak ◽  
V. M. Okatenko ◽  
T. V. Bitkovska
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Human Head ◽  
The Body ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The North ◽  
Edible Parts

In 2013 near Kustorivka village of Krasnokutsky district, Kharkov region the Scythian burial mound (5th—4th centuries BC.) was excavated. The inserted burial of a beheaded man has been discovered there. Fragments of horse bones, horse harness, numerous arrowheads, the spearhead and knife were unearthed in the grave. Funeral inventory dates the burial to the 2nd half or the end of 5th — the early 4th century BC. The grave goods allowed us to suggest that the man was a horseman and possessed a bow with arrows, javelin or lance. These assumptions have been confirmed by anthropological studies of the development of muscles relief, injuries and specific skeletal markers. The skeleton showed clear signs of a horseman’ and archer’ osteological complexes. The man died at the age of 20—25. The skull, first and second cervical vertebrae were absent in the undisturbed burial. The upper part of the left intervertebral condyle of the 3rd vertebra was cut off by the hit from left behind and below. These signs are evidence of decapitation. In addition, numerous cut marks made with a sharp blade were found on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae, as well as on the left femur above the knee. Thus could be the signs of the body cleaning of waste tissue for its transportation or in course of the preparation for the burial. Studies of the horse’s remains showed that it has deceased at the age of 10—12 years. The horse was decapitated as well by the hit directed between first and second cervical vertebra. The head was also cut in half and only one part of it was present in the burial. There were also some bones of the animal’s skeleton, which do not belong to the edible parts of the body. The severed head of the horse was located above the place where the man’s head was supposed to be, thus the horse harness was situated on the level of the human skeleton. Traces of the possible preparation of the human body for burial and the location of the remains of a horse over a lost human head along with other changes in the skeleton indicate a certain funeral rite, direct analogies of which have not yet been found in the North Pontic region.

scholarly journals Load Measurement of the Cervical Vertebra C7 and the Head of Passengers of a Car While Driving Across Uneven Terrain

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3849
Author(s):  
Martin Svoboda ◽  
Milan Chalupa ◽  
Karel Jelen ◽  
František Lopot ◽  
Petr Kubový ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
The Road ◽  
Real Environment ◽  
On The Road

The article deals with the measurement of dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver (passenger) when driving in a car over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at different driving speeds and different distributions of obstacles on the road. The reaction of the human organism, respectively the load of the cervical vertebrae and the heads of the driver and passenger, was measured. Experimental measurements were performed for different variants of driving conditions on a 28-year-old and healthy man. The measurement’s main objective was to determine the acceleration values of the seats in the vehicle in the vertical movement of parts of the vehicle cabin and to determine the dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver and passenger in a car when driving over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at various driving speeds and diverse distributions of obstacles on the road. The acceleration values on the vehicle’s axles and the structure of the driver’s and front passenger’s seats, under the buttocks, at the top of the head (Vertex Parietal Bone) and the C7 cervical vertebra (Vertebra Cervicales), were measured. The result of the experiment was to determine the maximum magnitudes of acceleration in the vertical direction on the body of the driver and the passenger of the vehicle when passing a passenger vehicle over obstacles. The analysis of the experiment’s results is the basis for determining the future direction of the research.

/ Schyłek epoki kamienia i początki epoki brązu w okolicach Igołomi i Wawrzeńczyc The end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the vicinity of Igołomia and Wawrzeńczyce

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-114
Author(s):  
Piotr Włodarczak
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Loess Hills ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
The North ◽  
Funnel Beaker Culture ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Bronze Age

The borderland of the Vistula Plain and the Proszowice Plateau is part of the loess zone extending mainly to the north of the Vistula River, known for numerous discoveries of archaeological sites from the Eneolithic period and the early Bronze Age. The state of reconnaissance of settlement is far from satisfactory here. From the final Eneolithic period primarily cemeteries of the Corded Ware culture (around 2800–2300 BC) are known. Falling within this age range is probably the only burial mound in the area, in Igołomia, which yielded a niche grave of the Corded Ware culture within the eastern part of its cover. Another cemetery was investigated in Rudno Górne, where niche graves of the culture in question were found dug into the embankments of Funnel Beaker culture megalithic graves from the middle Eneolithic period. From the early Bronze Age, the richest and most cognitively significant sites of the Mierzanowice culture (around 2200–1600 BC) are concentrated on loess hills rising above the valleys of Ropotek and Rudnik. They are both cemeteries and large settlements. Particularly valuable results were obtained during research on the cemetery in Szarbia, where as many as 44 graves were found. These findings enable the reconstruction of funeral rite rules from the early Bronze Age.

The face and superficial neck

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Odontoid Process ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
The Face

The surface anatomies of the face and neck and their supporting structures that can be palpated have been described in Chapter 20. It is now time to move to the structures that lie under the skin but which cannot be identified by touch starting with the neck and moving up on to the face and scalp. The cervical vertebral column comprises the seven cervical vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral discs. These have the same basic structure as the thoracic vertebrae described in Section 10.1.1. Examine the features of the cervical vertebra shown in Figure 23.1 and compare it with the thoracic vertebra shown in Figure 10.3. You will see that cervical vertebrae have a small body and a large vertebral foramen. They also have two distinguishing features, a bifid spinous process and a transverse foramen, piercing each transverse process; the vertebral vessels travel through these foramina. The first and second vertebrae are modified. The first vertebra, the atlas, has no body. Instead, it has two lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches. The lateral masses have concave superior facets which articulate with the occipital condyles where nodding movements of the head take place at the atlanto-occipital joints. The second cervical vertebra, the axis, has a strong odontoid process (or dens because of its supposed resemblance to a tooth) projecting upwards from its body. This process is, in fact, the body of the first vertebra which has fused with the body of the axis instead of being incorporated into the atlas. The front of the dens articulates with the back of the anterior arch of the atlas; rotary (shaking) movements of the head occur at this joint. The seventh cervical vertebra has a very long spinous process which is easily palpable. The primary curvature of the vertebral column is concave forwards and this persists in the thoracic and pelvic regions. In contrast, the cervical and lumbar parts of the vertebral column are convexly curved anteriorly. These anterior curvatures are secondary curvatures which appear in late fetal life. The cervical curvature becomes accentuated in early childhood as the child begins to support its own head and the lumbar curve develops as the child begins to sit up.

scholarly journals Sarmatian Burials of the Kovalevka Burial Mound: Strangers Among Friends?

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy Klepikov
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The North ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Cross Dating ◽  
New Tradition

Introduction. The Nomads of early Sarmatian time is a complex conglomerate of constantly growing groups of new population in the Volga-Don interfluve area. Determining their location is becoming a relevant problem in the current research. The early Sarmatian burials of the Kovalevka burial mound are significantly different from the synchronous array of similar monuments. It makes possible to clarify the historical situation in the final stage of the early Sarmatian culture in the studied region. Methods. The method of cross-dating and comparative-typological analysis of 12 burials of 8 barrows of the Kovalevka burial mound, located in the southern part of the Volga-Don interfluve area, allow clarifying the chronology of materials and identify the specifics of the funeral rite. Analysis. The ceramic complex as a part of the North Caucasian antiquities of the 3rd - 1st centuries BC, can be identified through the presence of iron stemmed arrowheads, common for the period 2nd - 1st centuries BC. The tradition of the ancestral mounds-cemeteries with multiple burials under one mound dominated during this time period. However, the analyzed complexes represented a new tradition of individual burial places, more common in the latter period. Besides, the horse bones, iron bits and a few iron spearheads were found in the burial mound. This is a rarity in the funeral rite of the early Sarmatian culture. All of these innovations are known in the controversial Sarmatian complexes of the turn of eras when the change from early Sarmatian culture to middle Sarmatian culture took place. Another common feature of all the burials under study is a ritual robbery of buried people. The burials were destroyed, mostly for the purpose of their desecration. The bones of the buried were found at the bottom of the grave, and the remaining parts of the skeleton were thrown out of the pit. Results. It can be assumed that at the end of the 1st century BC a group of well-armed nomads entered the territory uder study and was not accepted by the local population. The attempt to settle in the place led migrants to founding their own cemetery in the floodplain of the Esaulovsky Aksai river (local Sarmatians chose watersheds for this). However, this action caused discontent of natives, which led to the desecration of strangers’ graves by the local population.

scholarly journals Barrows with stone lining in Belarus and Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 131-152
Author(s):  
Edvard Zajkoŭski
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
The South ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The North ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Tribal Areas ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Grave Goods

The range of Medieval burial structures on the territory of Belarus includes barrows with stone lining. Commonly, one layer of stones encircled a barrow, but two layers’ lining could also be met. Funeral rite can be described as inhumation at the horizon level or in a pit with western orientation of the dead. Individual burials are most characteristic though double burials were practiced too. Not every burial mound contains grave goods. The items are represented by ornaments, amulets and pots of mostly Slavic type. The finds date back to the 11th – early 12th or 12th – 13th century. The same burial ground could also contain barrows composed entirely of earth, ones including stones interspersed or in the form of thin pavement at the horizon. Barrows of this kind are spread both in central Belarus and farther to the north, covering partly the Dzvina Basin, or more often to the south-west – in the Middle Buh Basin including Polish and Belarusian parts. In Ukraine barrows with stone construction were studied in Zhytomyr Polissya Region where almost 20 burial grounds of this type are known. Such barrows can be found in some other places too: in the Ros’ Basin, in Bukovyna (two barrows with stone lining dated back to the 12th – mid 13th century have been excavated there), in Podilia (burial sites in Zhnyborody I, Sokilets’, Hlybochok). In archaeological studies, there’s a tendency to assign all the barrows with stone constructions to the range of so called stone barrows which are considered to be burial sites of the Jaćviahi. Though in the eastern part of Mazur Lake region and in the basin of the Chornaya Hancha river where the Jatvingians have been located according to the evidence from chronicles there’s no barrows dated back to the 10th – 13th centuries at all. At the same time, in the first millennium AD barrows with stone lining were spread in the range of the Eastern Balts tribes: on the territory of Latvia (tribal areas of Latgaly, Siely, Ziemgaly) and Lithuania (the area of the Eastern Lithuanian Barrows Culture) where they dominated between the 4th and 7th centuries and still could be met in the 7th – 10th centuries. However, we know Eastern Balts’ barrows with stone lining of the eleventh century in the south of Lithuania and bordering part of Belarus, which are chronologically close to the barrows with stone constructions in the rest part of Belarus and in the Middle Dnipro region. The emergence of these kind sites in Bukovyna and Podillia became possible in the result of the union of Volhynian and Galician principalities, i.e. after 1199. Key words: barrows with stone lining, grave goods, Middle Buh region, Zhytomyr Polissya region, Bukovyna, Podillia, Jatvingians, the Eastern Lithuanian Barrows Culture.

scholarly journals Morphometric Study of Uncinate Process of Cervical Vertebra and Its Surgical Importance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durga P. ◽  
Dakshayani K. R.
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Uncinate Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Superior Surface ◽  
Type 3

Abstract Introduction Uncinate process is a projection on the posterolateral margins of the superior surface of the body of cervical vertebra. They are involved in uncovertabral (Luschka’s) joints, with intervertebral foramen in between, which is related to the vertebral artery and spinal nerve roots. Osteophytes of uncinate process cause narrowing of intervertebral foramen, resulting in cervical spondylotic radiopathy. Objectives To measure the morphometric parameters of the uncinate process of cervical vertebra. To classify cervical vertebra on the basis of the encroachment of uncinate process on the adjacent intervertebral foramen. Materials and Methods 100 dry cervical vertebrae were obtained from regions in and around Mysore, Karnataka, India. Measurements were taken using digital Vernier callipers. Results Mean average values of the parameters are: width–3.389 ± 0.83 mm (right), 3.389 ± 0.86 mm (left); length–10.42 ± 1.46 mm (right), 10.64 ± 1.88 mm (left); height- 5.32 ± 1.36 mm (right), 5.21 ± 1.16 mm (left). Classification of uncinate process: Type 1 (no encroachment)–82%; Type 2 (inclined and encroached)–12%; Type 3 (not inclined, but large enough to encroach)–6% Conclusion Comparing the results of the present study with previous studies in different regions will help the neurosurgeons in determining the boundaries of uncinate process and allow adequate decompression of neural elements, with reduced risk of neurovascular structures during anterior decompression of spine.

scholarly journals D. T. BEREZOVETS AND NETAILIVKA BURIAL GROUND OF SALTIV CULTURE: DISCOVERY, MODERN RESEARCHES, RESULTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-353
Author(s):  
V. S. Aksonov
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Bulgarian Population ◽  
Made In

Peculiarity of the Netailivka burial ground, noted by its discoverer D. T. Berezovets, is the total predominance of burials where the bones of the buried people are completely absent. At the same time the burials often contain grave goods located in the places when the bodies of the deceased should have been lied. This fact allowed D. T. Berezovets to suppose that initially the burial was performed on the surface of the earth where the body was exposed to natural factors and only after that it was re-buried into a pit. However, the researches of recent years show that burials were made in full accordance with the funeral rite of the Proto-Bulgarian population of the Saltiv culture. The absence of human remains in most of the burial pits should be associated with the specific hydrological conditions prevailing at the site of the necropolis in the post-Saltiv period. In a number of burials of the burial ground the later activity in the burial pits, associated with ritual actions performed in ancient times, were recorded. These actions testify the existence of the so-called «final ceremony» among the Netailivka people, the holding of which meant the end of mourning for the deceased person and made the death of a relative complete and final for the living. The study of the chronological markers of the site made it possible to attribute the time of the burial ground to the stage of the formation of the Saltiv culture in the region and to date the earliest burials of the necropolis to the 740—790 AD. The set of decorations and brooches from early burials shows that the original area of the migration of this population was the North-Eastern Caucasus (the territory of modern Chechnya and Dagestan). The location of the horse remains in the burials of the horsemen indicates the mixed Turkic-Ugric character of the population, which was part of the tribal union of the «Bulgars». The date of the burial ground and the probable area of residence of the population which made it, allows us to identify the «Netailivka» people with the representatives of the nomadic Bulgar union known from literary sources as «Sabirs / Savirs»

scholarly journals Height estimation based on second cervical vertebra measured using three-dimensional computed tomographic scanning in Iranian adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Reza Saadat Mostafavi ◽  
Azadeh Memarian ◽  
Omid Motamedi ◽  
Mohammadreza Khaleghi ◽  
Mehdi Pouromidi
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
The Body ◽  
Height Estimation ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Linear Dimensions

Abstract Objectives The cervical vertebrae are more durable than other skeletal components, and therefore may be the only remnants of a dead body. The present study aims to investigate the role of several linear dimensions of the second cervical vertebrae measured by Three-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Scanning (3D CT Scan) in height estimation of Iranian adult population. In this cross-sectional study, height determination was performed by measuring 15 indexes of the second cervical vertebrae. Indexes were obtained by screening cervical CT scan of 66 patients (33 males and 33 females) aged ≥ 18 years at Rasoul Hospital. Chi square, T student and logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was considered to be < 0.05. Result In the total population, among the indexes for the second cervical vertebrae, the Max height of the axis (AMA) (r = 0.470, P = 0.0001), Max length of the axis (CMA) (r = 0.320, P = 0.007), and Sagittal max body diameter (DSMC) (r = 0.281, P = 0.019) had a strong and positive correlation with height. The results of this study showed the accuracy of linear dimensions of cervical vertebrae in determining the body height of the Iranian adult population.

scholarly journals Sarmatian Barrow 1 of Kotlovina I Cemetery on the Left Bank of the Lower Danube

2020 ◽  
pp. 168-180
Author(s):  
Sergey Simonenko ◽  
Sergey Lysenko ◽  
Sergey Razumov ◽  
Vitalij Sinika
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The North ◽  
Roman Time ◽  
Western Shore

Introduction. The paper deals with analyzing the Sarmatian burial complex investigated in 1990 in the barrow 1 of Kotlovina I cemetery located on the western shore of the lake Yalpug, 3 km from the village of the same name in Reni district of Odessa region. Materials. The mound was surrounded by a circular ditch with a single gap in the south. Similar ditches were recorded on the Sarmatian sites of the North-Western Black Sea region, as well as on the territory of Hungary and in the Don region. The burial was made with an offset from the geometric center of the mound, apparently, in order to avoid robbery. The main and only grave was done in a pit with an undercut. The buried man laid under the western wall of the funeral chamber in an elongated position on his back, his head to the north. The accompanying inventory is represented by a red clay pottery jug, which was covered by a handmade lid-bowl, as well as a large handmade pot. A large onehanded red clay pottery jug is of particular interest. Such vessels were widespread in the North Black Sea region, and their findings are known both in funeral complexes and in ancient settlements of the Roman time. The large size of the handmade lid-bowl, as well as the presence of traces of fuliginosity makes it possible to assume its dual purpose: as tableware during life and as a lid of the pottery vessel for the internment. The handmade pot is distinguished by an ornament in the form of impressions on the upper part of the body, forming a triangle. Conclusions. The analysis of the features of the funeral rite and the time of the inventorys existence make it possible to date the barrow to the 2nd – 3rd centuries AD. Grave 1 from barrow 1 of Kotlovina I cemetery clarifies the historical picture of the stay of Sarmatian tribes in the North-West Black Sea region, in particular, on the left bank of the Lower Danube.

Wolf's Syndrome in Twins — Translocation in The Mother

1976 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lévy ◽  
B. Noel ◽  
D. Viola
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Back Edge ◽  
Intellectual Level ◽  
Mz Twins

A case of MZ twins, both affected by Wolf's syndrome, is described. Their mother, of subnormal look and low intellectual level is translocated. The children, born with a weight and size much below the average, show a very special morphotype: a hook-nose, an abnormal conformation of the back edge of the nostrils (a protrusion in the shape of a horn overhanging the filtrum), hypertelorism, microcephaly. Great asynchronism in the maturation of the bones and a somatoschisis of the body of the cervical vertebrae are noted. Deletion of the short arm chromosome 4 is juxtacentromeric. The study of blood and tissue groups corroborates monozygosity. Dermatoglyphs are little abnormal and identical in the two children. The mother's family is phenotypically normal. At 19 months of age, measuring is still below 4, psychomotor progress is extremely weak, and convulsions are frequent.

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