scholarly journals The Role of British Legislations and the Working Class Movement in Bombay: A Historical Study of the Factory Acts of 1881 and 1891 in India.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Avkash Daulatrao Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
World History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

India has been a country to raise inquisitiveness from ancient times. The era of colonialism in India unfolds many dimensions of struggle by the natives and the attempts of travesty by the imperialist powers. This paper will focus on the two landmark legislation of the end of the 19th century specifically pertaining to the labour conditions in India. The changing paradigms of the urban and rural labour underwent a phenomenal change by the mid 19th century. The characteristic which distinguishes the modern period in world history from all past periods is the fact of economic growth.   

scholarly journals Du droit pénal comparé à la dynamique des lois prohibitives

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Halpérin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p><strong>RESUMÉ:</strong></p><p>La réflexion sur la diversité des approches méthodologiques en droit comparé n’a guère porté, au cours de ces dernières décennies, sur le droit pénal. Cette relative lacune de la littérature tient à une conception d’un droit pénal universel qui connaîtrait seulement quelques variations dans la sévérité plus ou moins grande de la répression. Il apparaît pourtant utile pour les comparatistes d’identifier de manière historique les développements de la discipline du droit pénal et de considérer que le champ pénal n’est pas identique à lui-même à travers le temps et l’espace. Cette contribution s’attache à montrer comment la spécialisation des pénalistes, à partir du XIXe siècle, s’est accompagnée longtemps d’une démarche comparative avant que ne s’installe une sorte de désintérêt pour la comparaison des infractions reconnues ou non par les différents ordres juridiques étatiques. Or, la prise en compte des phénomènes de criminalisation et de décriminalisation montre à quel point ces droits étatiques sont susceptibles de converger ou de diverger, en présentant des configurations beaucoup plus complexes que les traditionnelles familles de droit. En recourant à la théorie du droit, le droit pénal comparé alimente la réflexion sur la place des lois prohibitives, leur éventuelle relation avec des normes culturelles et le recours à des interdits dans des domaines qui font l’objet dans d’autres pays à des lois permissives.</p><p> </p><p><strong>RESUMO:</strong></p><p>A discussão sobre a diversidade de abordagens metodológicas em direito comparado, no decorrer das últimas décadas, pouco se debruçou sobre o direito penal. Esta lacuna se deve à uma concepção de direito penal universal que admitiria apenas variações no grau de severidade da repressão. Contudo, para os comparatistas mostra-se útil identificar historicamente o desenvolvimento da disciplina de direito penal e considerar que o campo não se mantém inalterado através do tempo e do espaço. Este trabalho visa mostrar como, a partir do século XIX, a especialização de penalistas foi acompanhada por muito tempo de uma abordagem comparativa, antes de que se instalasse um desinteresse pela comparação de infrações reconhecidas -ou não- por diferentes ordenamentos jurídicos estatais. A compreensão dos fenômenos de criminalização e descriminalização mostra até que ponto os direitos estatais são suscetíveis de convergir ou divergir, apresentando configurações muito mais complexas que as tradicionais famílias de direito. Assim, utilizando-se da teoria do direito, o direito penal comparado incita a reflexão sobre o papel das leis proibitivas, sua eventual relação com normas culturais e a possibilidade de proibições em determinadas matérias serem objetos de leis permissivas em outros países.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT:</strong></p><p>The discussion about the methodological diversity in Comparative Law has barely touched upon criminal law. This gap in the literature is due to a conception of universal Criminal Law in which only variations regarding the severity of crime’s repression would be admitted. Nonetheless, the historical study of Criminal Law along with the reflection on changes in the discipline through time and space has proven to be useful for comparatists. The aim of this study is to show how the specialization of scholars of Criminal Law, since the 19th century, had been accompanied by a comparatist approach before a pervasive disinterest in comparing infractions under different legal systems came to be the rule. The phenomena of criminalization and decriminalization reveal to what point legal systems converge or diverge in a more elaborated way than those depicted by the traditional division of legal systems. Thus, Comparative Criminal Law, using the insights from Legal Theory, stimulates reflections on the role of prohibitive laws, their relation with cultural norms, and the possibility of a prohibition being permitted elsewhere – i.e. other countries.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Prerequisites for the Development of Regional Studies in Japan within the Framework of Japanese Traditional Science

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-302
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Kremnyov ◽  
Vladimir V. Ananiev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Periods

Introduction. The variety of elements of the field of regional studies in Japan makes it possible to state that the sources of regional studies are heterogeneous not only in content, but also in their relation to different historical periods. The objective of the study is to analyze the processes of development of proto-regional knowledge in Japan from ancient times until the middle of the 19th century Materials and Methods. Japanese works on history and geography, as well as works by Russian researchers in the considered fields were used as the materials of the study. Particular attention was paid to historical and geographical texts; other sources (religious texts, poetic texts, etc.) were also considered. The basic methods employed were those of systemic, comparative, conceptual and terminological analysis. Results. The article discusses the stages of development of proto-regional knowledge in Japan in the framework of traditional science. Based on the analysis of works created before the middle of the 19th century, the authors conclude that the basic factor in the formation and development of knowledge about regions was the opposition “We vs. Others,” characteristic of Japanese ethnoculture, and this knowledge itself is largely Japanocentric. The article reveals the role of several schools of traditional science: kokugaku (school of national sciences), rangaku / yogaku (Dutch / European studies) and kangaku (school of Chinese sciences), as well as the role of their cultural and ideological confrontation in stimulating the development of proto-regional knowledge. Discussion and Conclusion. The article presents the results of the initial stage of a comprehensive study, which will examine the history of the development of Japanese regional knowledge and the methodology of regional research in Japan. The results of the work may be useful to researchers and specialists in the field of history of regional development of various countries and regions.

Commodity Market Integration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Commodity Market ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Significant Acceleration ◽  
The 19Th Century

The literature on market integration explores the development of the commodity market with data on prices, which is a useful complement to analysis of trade and the only feasible approach when data on trade are not available. Data on prices and quantity can help in understanding when markets developed, why, and the degree to which their development increased welfare and economic growth. Integration progressed slowly throughout the early modern period, with significant acceleration in the first half of the 19th century. Causes of integration include development of transportation infrastructure, changes in barriers to trade, and short-term shocks, such as wars. Literature on the effects of market integration is limited and strategies for estimating the effects of market integration are must be developed.

scholarly journals THE PHILOSOPHICAL ROLE OF COLORING IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF RAJASTHANI MINIATURE

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3SE) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Ujjwal Kodode
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Color Combinations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Simple Combination ◽  
Rock Shelters

In Rajasthan, the interest towards painting and its original form was traditionally prevalent. The credit for reviving Rajasthani traditions and cultures is seen in the traditional painting here, in the depiction of women and the expression of colors. Evidence of this is seen in the lineages and color combinations etched in ancient times in the rock shelters here. There is an initial depiction by Rangay showing the expressions of the then figures. Rajasthani painting certainly occupies an important place in Indian art from the 16th century to the 19th century. The combination of colors is the predominance of this style. The variety of colors with rankhako has been skillfully perfected, but the simple combination of colors has been expressive, dynamic, strong and figurative. राजस्थान में चित्रकला प्रति अभिरूचि और उसका मौलिक स्वरूप परम्परागत रूप से प्रचलित था। जो राजस्थानी परम्परा एवं संस्कृतियों को गैारवान्वित करने का श्रेय यहां की पारम्परिक चित्रकला में नारी चित्रण और रंगांे की अभिव्यक्ति में दिखाई देता है। इसका प्रमाण यहां के शैलाश्रयों में प्राचीन काल में उकेरे गये रेखाकंन एवं रंग संयोजन में दिखाई पड़ता है। रंगांे द्वारा तत्कालीन आकृतियों के भाव दर्शा ने का प्रारंभिक चित्रण हुआ है। 16 वीं शताब्दी से 19 वीं शताब्दी तक राजस्थानी चित्रकला निश्चय ही भारतीय कला में महत्वपूर्ण स्थान प्राप्त है। रंगों का संयोजन रेखाओं का बारीकी इस शैली की प्रधानता रही है। रेंखाकनो के साथ रंगों की विभिन्न छंटा कुशलतापुर्ण, किन्तु सरल संयोजन, रंगों का अभिव्यक्तिपूर्ण,गतिशील, सशक्त एवं आलंकारिक किया गया है।

scholarly journals Modern Astronomy in Ottoman Madrasa Circles in the First Half of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-222
Author(s):  
Orhan Güneş
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Astronomy

The use of telescopes for scientific purposes has significantly changed our knowledge of the structure of the Solar System. By the mid-19th century, two new planets, a dozen asteroids, and dozens of satellites had been added to the five planets known since ancient times. The Ottoman scientific circles did not turn their back on these developments in the West but reflected them in their works. However, the main thesis about the transfer of current knowledge is that this transfer had mainly been done by modern educational institutions at a speed not too high. This claim is expressed more powerfully when considering the madrasa environment in particular. The literature states that the first work from a madrasa to mention the two new planets of Uranus and Neptune that were discovered in the modern period is Ḳonevī’s (d. circa 19th century) Tanqīḥ al-ashkāl, written after 1857. This means a delay of 76 years for Uranus and at least 11 years for Neptune. This article aims to demonstrate that the first works to mention Uranus and Neptune did not originate from modern educational institutions and that the delay regarding the transfer of information did not occur as mentioned in the literature. This study shows that the first work to mentions Uranus was Tashīl al-idrāk, written by Ḳuyucakḳlızāde (d. 1263/1847) in 1831 and originating from a madrasa and that the first work to mention Neptune was Ḥayātīzāde’s (d. 1267/1851) Afkār al-jabarūt, written in 1847, again originating from a madrasa, and published in 1848. Thus, this study hopes the exiting hypothesis in the literature, which has a great deal of support, will start to be questioned based on these examples.

scholarly journals Symboliczne i mityczne góry Kaszubów. Ich rola w kulturze i literaturze kaszubskiej od XIX wieku do okresu międzywojennego

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Miloš Řezník
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The 19Th Century

The symbolic and mythical mountains of the Kashubians. Their role in Kashubian culture and literature from the 19th century till the inter-war periodThe geographical location within the Kashubian region is of particular significance for the symbolic role of mountains and hills in the regional identity building. The most important of them, described in the literature and journalistic writings, are to be found in the current Kashubian lan­guage area, mostly in its geographical centre, primarily in Kashubian Switzerland and Kashubian Lake District. The exception is Rowokół, which is not located centrally. This mountain symbolically marks the border of the area in which the Kashubian language is used and which was settled by the Kashubians in the modern period. It even symbolises a retreat of the language as well as the decline of the Slovincian language. However, it is this particular mountain which since the 19th century has been associated with relatively new content mixed with older religious and folk tradition.The mountains and hills appearing in the Kashubian literature in 1880–1930 probably never existed only for themselves and in themselves. They were always part of a broader picture of Kashubia. The contribution offers a typology of four groups of symbolic relevant hills and mountains, accordingly to their function in the Kashubian discourse and tradition: 1. abstract imagination of a “hilly landscape” as typical for the Kashubian country; 2. groups of hills with similar names and connected to similar folklore or literary traditions; 3. unique mountains with special significance for the all-Kashubian discourse; 4. hills as Kashubian places of pilgrimage.

Sasak People’s Resistance Against Mataram-Karangasem and Dutch Colonial Rulers: The Role of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tohri ◽  
H. Habibuddin ◽  
Abdul Rasyad
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

Historical study and static assessment of an innovative vaulting technique of the 19th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Marmo ◽  
Nicola Ruggieri ◽  
Ferdinando Toraldo ◽  
Luciano Rosati
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Static Assessment ◽  
The 19Th Century

A COMPARATIVE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HUNGARIAN AND SLOVAKIAN NATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES: A CENTRAL EUROPEAN CASE

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Béla Mester
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
National Identities ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Central European ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper analyses a well‐known phenomenon, that of the 19th century Central European so‐called “national philosophies”. However, the philosophical heritages of the Central European countries have their roles in the national identities; historians of philosophy in these countries know; our philosophies have common institutional roots with our neighbours. The paper deadlines paradigmatic problems from the Hungarian and Slovakian philosophy: the Latin language in philosophy, the different role of Kantianism and Hegelianism in the national cultures, and the problems of canonisation. Vengrų ir slovakų nacionalinių filosofijų komparatyvistinė istoriografija: Vidurio Europos atvejis Santrauka Straipsnyje tyrinėjamas gerai žinomas fenomenas, XIX a. Vidurio Europoje vadinamas „nacionalinėmis filosofijomis“. Kad ir kaip būtų, filosofiniai Vidurio Europos valstybių palikimai turi įtakos nacionaliniams tapatumams, ir tai žino šių valstybių filosofijos istorikai. Mūsų ir mūsų kaimynų filosofijos turi bendrąsias paprotines šaknis. Straipsnyje brėžiama paradigminių vengrų ir slovakų filosofijos problemų perskyra pagal lotynų kalbą filosofijoje, skirtingą kantizmo ir hėgelizmo vaidmenį tautinėse kultūrose bei kanonizacijos problemas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kanonizacija, Vidurio Europos filosofijos, hėgelizmas, vengrų filosofija, kantizmas, lotynų kalba filosofijoje, tautinis tapatumas, „nacionalinės filosofijos“, slovakų filosofija.

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