Historical study and static assessment of an innovative vaulting technique of the 19th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Marmo ◽  
Nicola Ruggieri ◽  
Ferdinando Toraldo ◽  
Luciano Rosati
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Static Assessment ◽  
The 19Th Century

Martin Luther in Finland and the Baltics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Raunio
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Real Presence ◽  
Lutheran Theology ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Revival Movement ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The 19Th Century

Martin Luther’s thought has had strong influence on the religious and churchly life in the Baltic countries Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as in Finland. Its impact has not been restricted just to the Church but also has had deep social and political aspects. However, the role of Luther’s theology has been quite different in the Baltics and in Finland, mostly because the Reformation occurred in a totally different ways in each area. In the Baltics, the biggest towns had already turned to the Reformation by the 1520s, but in Finland the change was part of King Gustav Vasa’s work for strengthening the state. In the Baltics, the Reformation took place in direct contact with Luther and his colleagues, whereas in Finland the first influences came through some of his writings and the theologians who had studied in Wittenberg. During the 17th century, almost the whole area, except Lithuania, belonged to the Swedish kingdom. Theologically, this was the time of the Lutheran Orthodoxy, which was based on the Confessional Books of the Lutheran Church. From Luther’s works, the catechisms were known and used. In the Baltics, the time of Confessional Lutheran theology lasted until the 1910s. In the 19th century, certain Baltic German theologians, especially Theodosius Harnack, practiced remarkable Luther research. Harnack opposed the Neo-Protestant Luther interpretation and strongly influenced the understanding of Luther’s theology of the cross. Only in the 1910s did the Neo-Protestant Luther interpretation of Albrecht Ritschl and Adolf von Harnack get some support. In the 20th century, the Baltic theology was not very much concentrated on Luther, though some presentations of his person and thought were published and a clear consciousness of his thought was present. The Soviet time from 1940 to the beginning of 1990s was difficult for all types of theology. Nevertheless, for example, Elmar Salumae managed to translate international Luther research into Estonian and maintain the knowledge of Lutheran theology. In Finland, the 19th century did not produce academic Luther research, but Luther’s theology was important for the pietistic revival movement, and it played a central role in the disagreement of the revival leaders, which led to a division of the movement. Academic research on the Reformation began in Finland at the end of the 19th century, first as a historical study of the Finnish reformer Mikael Agricola and the Reformation in Finland. Research on Luther’s theology followed the German Luther Renaissance and began in the 1920s. The fruits of this research were published in the 1930s by Eino Sormunen and Yrjö J. E. Alanen and some years later by Lennart Pinomaa. After Pinomaa, Finnish Luther research played some role at the international level. It was first attached especially to the Swedish Lundensian approach and later, from the beginning of the 1980s, became more distant from it. Today Finnish Luther research refers above all to the work of Tuomo Mannermaa and his pupils. This theology, which stresses the real presence of Christ in faith and the participation in the Divine love, is not only academic research but also it has been applied to many churchly and ecumenical questions.

scholarly journals Du droit pénal comparé à la dynamique des lois prohibitives

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Halpérin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p><strong>RESUMÉ:</strong></p><p>La réflexion sur la diversité des approches méthodologiques en droit comparé n’a guère porté, au cours de ces dernières décennies, sur le droit pénal. Cette relative lacune de la littérature tient à une conception d’un droit pénal universel qui connaîtrait seulement quelques variations dans la sévérité plus ou moins grande de la répression. Il apparaît pourtant utile pour les comparatistes d’identifier de manière historique les développements de la discipline du droit pénal et de considérer que le champ pénal n’est pas identique à lui-même à travers le temps et l’espace. Cette contribution s’attache à montrer comment la spécialisation des pénalistes, à partir du XIXe siècle, s’est accompagnée longtemps d’une démarche comparative avant que ne s’installe une sorte de désintérêt pour la comparaison des infractions reconnues ou non par les différents ordres juridiques étatiques. Or, la prise en compte des phénomènes de criminalisation et de décriminalisation montre à quel point ces droits étatiques sont susceptibles de converger ou de diverger, en présentant des configurations beaucoup plus complexes que les traditionnelles familles de droit. En recourant à la théorie du droit, le droit pénal comparé alimente la réflexion sur la place des lois prohibitives, leur éventuelle relation avec des normes culturelles et le recours à des interdits dans des domaines qui font l’objet dans d’autres pays à des lois permissives.</p><p> </p><p><strong>RESUMO:</strong></p><p>A discussão sobre a diversidade de abordagens metodológicas em direito comparado, no decorrer das últimas décadas, pouco se debruçou sobre o direito penal. Esta lacuna se deve à uma concepção de direito penal universal que admitiria apenas variações no grau de severidade da repressão. Contudo, para os comparatistas mostra-se útil identificar historicamente o desenvolvimento da disciplina de direito penal e considerar que o campo não se mantém inalterado através do tempo e do espaço. Este trabalho visa mostrar como, a partir do século XIX, a especialização de penalistas foi acompanhada por muito tempo de uma abordagem comparativa, antes de que se instalasse um desinteresse pela comparação de infrações reconhecidas -ou não- por diferentes ordenamentos jurídicos estatais. A compreensão dos fenômenos de criminalização e descriminalização mostra até que ponto os direitos estatais são suscetíveis de convergir ou divergir, apresentando configurações muito mais complexas que as tradicionais famílias de direito. Assim, utilizando-se da teoria do direito, o direito penal comparado incita a reflexão sobre o papel das leis proibitivas, sua eventual relação com normas culturais e a possibilidade de proibições em determinadas matérias serem objetos de leis permissivas em outros países.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT:</strong></p><p>The discussion about the methodological diversity in Comparative Law has barely touched upon criminal law. This gap in the literature is due to a conception of universal Criminal Law in which only variations regarding the severity of crime’s repression would be admitted. Nonetheless, the historical study of Criminal Law along with the reflection on changes in the discipline through time and space has proven to be useful for comparatists. The aim of this study is to show how the specialization of scholars of Criminal Law, since the 19th century, had been accompanied by a comparatist approach before a pervasive disinterest in comparing infractions under different legal systems came to be the rule. The phenomena of criminalization and decriminalization reveal to what point legal systems converge or diverge in a more elaborated way than those depicted by the traditional division of legal systems. Thus, Comparative Criminal Law, using the insights from Legal Theory, stimulates reflections on the role of prohibitive laws, their relation with cultural norms, and the possibility of a prohibition being permitted elsewhere – i.e. other countries.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Hvem var de? En lokalhistorisk undersøgelse af de tidligste private gymnastik- og idrætstiltag i Århus og Randers

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steen Rosenvinge Lundbye
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Logical Conclusion ◽  
Social Circle ◽  
The 19Th Century

Resultater fra Lundbyes speciale og lokalhistorisk forsknings relevans for den samlede idrætshistoriske opfattelse.Steen Rosenvinge Lundbye: Who were they? A Local historical study of the earliest private gymnastic and sports initiatives in Århus and RandersWhy did people become members of a gymnastic or sport association at the end of the 19th century? If we study exclusively the professional groups to which members of Denmark’s earliest gymnastic and sports associations belonged, it becomes clear that business and office occupations represented a large majority. This has been interpreted as evidence for the fact that professional affiliations were a prerequisite for admission and membership of these associations. However, as the present article attempts to demonstrate, an overrepresentation of this kind does not necessarily mean that everything depended on professional relations. A detailed local historical study of the earliest members of Århus Gynmastic Association in 1880 and of Randers Gynmastic Association of 1872, focusing especially on members’ social and residential relations, shows that other factors can be indicated that might also have had considerable significance. In this way it appears that a large number of members had other features in common besides their profession. A very large proportion of them had addresses on the same land registry title, a situation which becomes particularly evident when all members addresses are drawn in on a land registry map. These results lead to the logical conclusion that an incoming member’s social circle had just as much influence on the chance of he or she becoming a member or not. In spite of the simplicity of this thesis, it has until now been bypassed by Danish researchers into sporting history, and it could be a benefit if other associations’ members could be studied in the similar way. Only by that means can we achieve clear answers to these questions.

scholarly journals BASHKIR FAMILY NAMES ONYMS FORMED FROM APOTROPEIC PERSONAL NAMES

2021 ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Резида Ахметьяновна Сулейманова
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Family Names ◽  
The 19Th Century

Статья посвящена изучению башкирских фамилий, восходящих к древним охранительным (апотропеическим) личным именам, призванным отвратить «злые силы» от новорожденного, вышедшим из употребления и отсутствующим в современном башкирском именнике. Основным источником данного исследования послужили башкирские фамилии, зафиксированные в сборнике документов «Формулярные списки о службе чиновников Башкирско-мещерякского войска за 1836–1842 годы», вышедшем в двух книгах (2012, 2014 гг.), в которых опубликованы документы второй четверти XIX в., в первую очередь, формулярные списки чиновников Башкирско-мещерякского войска. Сравнительно-историческое исследование значений отдельных личных имен на общетюркском фоне проводилось с опорой на данные, извлеченные из «Древнетюркского словаря» и «Башкирских шэжэрэ» Р. Г. Кузеева. На основе трудов этнокультурной направленности не только в области тюркских народов, но и восточных славян, было установлено, что происхождение многих охранительных имен связано с обрядом купли-продажи ребенка, в частности, это имена на основе лексем һатыу ‘продавать’, түләү ‘платить’, табыу ‘находить’, ҡал в значении ‘(этот) не умер, остался’, торһон, в которую вложено значение йәшәһен, үлмәһен ‘пусть живет, останется’, туҡта ‘стой, остановись’. Защищенным, по мнению древних башкир, считался и тот ребенок, который, по условиям старинного обряда, пролежал в собачьей конуре рядом с ее хозяином и был наречен именем, содержащим в своей основе лексему эт ‘собака’. Защитными силами, по мнению древних башкир, обладали также и названия камней и минералов, такие как, алтын ‘золото’, көмөш ‘серебро’, булат ‘булат’ и, конечно же, тимер ‘железо’, на которое обменивали ребенка во время мнимой купли-продажи. В целях защиты от злых сил у древних башкир существовала также традиция нарекания ребенка плохим именем (к примеру, Бузук, Яманбай и т. д.). В особую группу выделяются и охранительные личные имена с компонентом иш ‘пара, чета’, которым нарекали детей, если предыдущие их братья либо сестры не выживали. Все рассмотренные нами охранительные личные имена, являющиеся отражением обряда купли-продажи младенца, а также веры народа в силу слова, в настоящее время бытуют в основном лишь в фамилиях. The article is devoted to the study of Bashkir surnames that go back to the ancient protective (apotropic) personal names, designed to ward off "evil forces" from a newborn, which are obsolete and absent in the modern Bashkir name list. The main source of this study was the Bashkir surnames recorded in the collection of documents "Formulary lists on the service of officials of the Bashkir-Meshcheryak army for 1836-1842", published in two books (2012, 2014), in which documents of the second quarter of the 19th century were published. , first of all, formular lists of officials of the Bashkir-Meshcheryak army. A comparative-historical study of the meanings of individual personal names against the general Turkic background was carried out based on data extracted from the “Ancient Turkic dictionary” and “Bashkir shezhere” by R. G. Kuzeeva. On the basis of ethnocultural works not only in the field of the Turkic peoples, but also of the Eastern Slavs, it was established that the origin of many protective names is associated with the ritual of buying and selling a child, in particular, these are names based on the lexemes katyu 'sell', tүlәү 'pay' , tabyu 'find', al in the meaning '(this) did not die, remained', tor ,on, in which the meaning of yshәһen is embedded, үlmәһen 'let him live, stay', tuҡta 'stop, stop'. Protected, according to the ancient Bashkirs, was considered the child who, according to the terms of the old rite, lay in a dog kennel next to its owner and was named with a name containing the lexeme et ‘dog’. The names of stones and minerals, such as altyn 'gold', kөmөsh 'silver', bulat 'bulat' and, of course, timer 'iron', for which the child was exchanged during the imaginary purchase and sale. In order to protect against evil forces, the ancient Bashkirs also had a tradition of criticizing a child with a bad name (for example, Buzuk, Yamanbai, etc.). Protective personal names with the ish ‘couple, couple’ component, which were given to children if their previous brothers or sisters did not survive, also stand out in a special group. All the protective personal names we have considered, which are a reflection of the ceremony of buying and selling a baby, as well as the people's belief in the power of the word, are currently mainly found in surnames.

scholarly journals Corpo de mulher: a trajetória do desconhecido na Bahia do século XIX

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renilda BARRETO
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Medical Reports ◽  
Historical Memories ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
De Medicina

Este trabalho, de natureza historiográfica, pretende discutir a forma de organização do saber médico na Bahia do século XIX em torno do corpo feminino. Este período revela a emergência do saber médico, fundamentado no espírito de cientificidade oitocentista, em contraposição às práticas seculares de curas, respaldadas no saber popular. O texto foi produzido a partir das consultas a fontes primárias, tais como as publicações da Gazeta Médica da Bahia, jornais e periódicos de circulação em Salvador, no período em questão; Memórias Históricas da Faculdade de Medicina; teses de conclusão de curso; os discursos proferidos na Câmara Municipal; relatórios médicos da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Salvador, dentre outros documentos reveladores da construção do saber médico na Bahia do século XIX. A análise aqui desenvolvida está ancorada na história social da medicina e do corpo. Abstract This historical study aims at the discussion about how medical knowledge of the female body was organized in Bahia in the 19th century. That period reveals the emergence of medical knowledge based on the scientific spirit of the 1800’s as opposed to old healing practices supported by popular perceptions. The text was produced from research into primary sources such as issues of Gazeta Médica da Bahia (Medical Journal of Bahia) and periodicals available in Salvador during that time; Memórias Histórias da Faculdade de Medicina (Medical School Historical Memories); graduation theses; speeches given to the City Counsil; medical reports from Santa Casa de Misericórdia (a charity institution) in Salvador, among others. These documents show how medical knowledge was constructed in Bahia in the 19th century. The analysis is based on social history of medicine and the body.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Christianity and Science: A Brief Historical Study on Darwinism and the Old Princeton Theologians

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
David Tong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Richard Dawkins ◽  
Naturalistic Interpretation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: Richard Dawkins openly declares that he is strongly against religion since religion destroys scientific works. This assumption is not something new. Since the end of the 19th century there was a development of a thesis that claims Christianity and science are two antagonistic poles. Although this thesis is now inadequate, many Christians are still holding on to this view. In realty, the development of Darwinism in the United States is also supported by Christian scientists. When we study Old Princeton theologians we find that they have different attitude about science. When they face pressure on the development of science (in this case evolution), they actually are not reticent in accepting the fact of evolution although they reject mechanistic and naturalistic interpretation of Darwinism upon those facts. Old Princeton theologians give examples on how Christian should take a stand on science. Evangelicals in Indonesia can learn a lot of from their history and tradition. KEYWORDS: Charles Hodge, Archibald Alexander Hodge, Benjamin Breckinridge Warfiled, John Gresham Machen, Old Princeton, evolution, theistic evolution, Darwinism

scholarly journals The Role of British Legislations and the Working Class Movement in Bombay: A Historical Study of the Factory Acts of 1881 and 1891 in India.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Avkash Daulatrao Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
World History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

India has been a country to raise inquisitiveness from ancient times. The era of colonialism in India unfolds many dimensions of struggle by the natives and the attempts of travesty by the imperialist powers. This paper will focus on the two landmark legislation of the end of the 19th century specifically pertaining to the labour conditions in India. The changing paradigms of the urban and rural labour underwent a phenomenal change by the mid 19th century. The characteristic which distinguishes the modern period in world history from all past periods is the fact of economic growth.   

scholarly journals El impacto de la Beneficencia en la gestión, tratamiento y cuidado de los dementes alcalaínos en el s. XIX

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Carlos Aguilera Serrano ◽  
Carmen Heredia Pareja ◽  
Antonio Heredia Rufián
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Occupational Activity ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Royal Hospital ◽  
The Public ◽  
Moral Treatment ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the 19th century, in Spain, different laws and orders for the establishment and organization of the Charity Public took place, being the public authorities who were to exercise social charity to the most vulnerable. In this context, further influenced by the emergence of Moral Treatment, a new philosophical and action concept was activated in management, treatment and care for the mentally ill, considered then insane and/or madness. Health care placed a greater emphasis on occupational activity as therapy, as well as improving healthiness and hygienic conditions. However, many factors made it impossible to consummate change, leading to the emergence of new asylum institutions with a marked asylating and custodial character. The aim of this historical study is to try to know the situation in health care to the demented of Alcalá la Real (Jaén) of the time. In the sources used, two fundamental pillars stand out in our study: the Municipal Archive of Alcalá la Real and the Archive of the Provincial Council of Granada. Fromthe data collected it is outlinedhowin the first two decades of the second half of the nineteenth century the madmen alcalaínos were transferred to the Hospital of Madness of Granada, section of the Royal Hospital. The absence of a hospital for these patients in Jaén justified such transfers. The latter were accompanied by a long bureaucratic process that began on the Municipal Board of Charity and ended with the approval of the governor of Jaén. Keywords: historiography, psychiatry, history, 19th century, madness, charity policy, nursing care.

scholarly journals Ребята, это не лингвистика, это языкознание!

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.Z. Demyankov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Whole Language ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Scientific Enterprise ◽  
Practical Activity ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Local Variant ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Local Term

В западноевропейских языках слово лингвист первоначально значило человек, профессионально занимающийся языком или языками. С начала XIX в., когда слово лингвистика начало употребляться в ученой среде, лингвистическое исследование как научное занятие претерпело значительные изменения. Первоначально слово лингвистика означало: 1) практическая деятельность, состоящая в использовании языка, и 2) научные методы сравнительно-исторического исследования языка, быстро сближавшиеся с методами палеонтологии. Но в культурах, в которых помимо латинской основы linguisticимелись еще конкурирующие местные именования типа немецкого Sprachwissenschaft и русского языкознание (с ученым вариантом языковедение), произошло постепенное переосмысление указанных наименований, так что неоднозначность начала пропадать. Лингвистика сегодня разнородная совокупность научной и околонаучной деятельности человека, опирающейся на знание и использование языка. А языкознание утратило значение практическое знание языка, которое ему присуще было в XIX в., и стало обозначать науку о языке. Произошла эта дифференциация под давлением дососсюровского подхода к лингвистике, главным предметом которой был langage (языковая деятельность), и соссюровского подхода, при котором в центре внимания исследователя langue язык как система знаков. В современном употреблении термин языкознание в русском языке привязан к соссюровскому подходу, а термин лингвистика к предструктуралистскому и постструктуралистскому подходам. Так борьба научных направлений сказалась на дифференциации терминов в обыденной речи.In West-European languages, linguist originally meant a person professionally dealing with language(s). From the beginning of the 19th century, when the word linguistics appeared on the European scene, linguistic investigation as a scientific enterprise underwent several transformations. Linguistics initially meant: 1) practical activity consisting in using languages and 2) scholarly methods of comparative-historical study of language, which rapidly evolved in the direction of paleontology. But in cultures where besides the term linguistics there is also a concurrent local term like the German Sprachwissenschaft and the Russian yazykoznanie (with a scholarly variant yazykovedenie), these meanings tended to associate with two different lexemes, i. e. linguistics proper (or rather its local variant of the Latin-Greek borrowed lexeme, the German Linguistik and the Russian lingvistika) and the indigenous local variant (the German Sprachwissenschaft and the Russian yazykoznanie). The concurrence of different terms denoting the English linguistics in Russian at the beginning of the 20th century was complicated by the existence of different approaches to language as a whole: language as the Saussurian langage (i. e. linguisticactivity) vs. language as the Saussurian langue (i. e. a system of linguistic signs). In the modern ordinary Russian usage, linguistika may be characterized as an activity consisting in using languages in general, whereas yazykoznanie and yazykovedenie are thought of as language sciences having to do with langue.

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