The environmental Risk Factors Significant to Anopheles Species Vector Mosquito Profusion, P.falciparum, P.vivax Parasite Development, and Malaria Transmission, Using Remote Sensing and Gis: Review Article

Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease, transmitted to human trough contact with contaminated animal urine and contaminated environment. Demak District is an endemic area where cases increased in the past 2 years. The aim of the study was to map environmental risk factor of Leptospirosis and to determine Leptospirosis vulnerable zone using cross-sectional study design. There were 42 cases mapped by GPS and overlaid using remote sensing (Quickbird image) by using ArcView program then interpreted by Spatial Feature and Spatial Analyses. Leptospirosis cases were spread out and grouped in Demak Sub District area. More cases were males (61.9%), 21-50 years old age group (59.3%) and farmers (40.4%). Spatial analyses showed that all the leptospirosis cases took place in the area with low plain <47 msl, rainfall ≥220 mm/month (64.7%), clay soil (100%), buffer river <50 m (71.4%), presence of rat (100%), wastewater disposal (100%), waste disposal facilities (97.7%), flood’s profile (28.6%), tidal inundation’s profile (7.1%), vegetation (59.5%). Leptospirosis high-risk zone was in 37,801.8 ha (41.32%), moderate risk zone was 43,570.23 ha (48.55%), and low-risk zone was 9,090.96 ha (10.13%). Densely populated housing, bad environment condition, and the presence of rat and puddles that were contaminated by rat’s urine were risk factors of Leptospirosis cases in Demak District.

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Spatio-temporal analysis of association between incidence of malaria and environmental predictors of malaria transmission in Nigeria

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-53814-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Oluyemi A. Okunlola ◽

Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Malaria Transmission ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Environmental Risk Factors ◽

Least Square ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Hotspot Analysis ◽

Spatial Error ◽

Ecological Predictors

AbstractMalaria still poses a significant threat in Nigeria despite the various efforts to abate its transmission. Certain environmental factors have been implicated to increase the risk of malaria in Nigeria and other affected countries. The study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal association between the incidence of malaria and some environmental risk factors in Nigeria. The study used malaria incidence and environmental risk factors data emanating from 2015 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey accessed from the Demographic and Health Survey database. A total of 333 and 326 clusters throughout the country were used for malaria incidence study and environmental variables respectively. The spatial autocorrelation of malaria incidence and hotspot analysis was determined by the Moran’s diagram and local Moran’s I index, respectively. The relationships between the malaria incidence and the ecological predictors of transmission were analysed in all the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria from 2000–2015 using ordinary least square (OLS), spatial lag model (SLM), and spatial error model (SEM). Annual rainfall, precipitation and proximity to water showed significant positive relationship with the incidence rate of malaria in the OLS model (P < 0.01), whereas aridity was negatively related to malaria incidence (P < 0.001) in the same model. The rate of incidence of malaria increased significantly with increase in temperature, aridity, rainfall and proximity to water in the SEM whereas only temperature and proximity to water have significant positive effect on malaria incidence in the SLM. The modelling of the ecological predictors of malaria transmission and spatial maps provided in this study could aid in developing framework to mitigate malaria and identify its hotspots for urgent intervention in the endemic regions.

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Systematized Literature Review on Spatial Analysis of Environmental Risk Factors of Malaria Transmission

Advances in Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4236/aid.2016.62008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 06 (02) ◽

pp. 52-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tiago Canelas ◽

Carlos Castillo-Salgado ◽

Helena Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Literature Review ◽

Malaria Transmission ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Environmental Risk Factors

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Faktor Risiko Perilaku dan Lingkungan dalam Penularan Malaria di Pulau Sebatik, Kabupaten Nunukan, Kalimantan Timur

BALABA JURNAL LITBANG PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT BERSUMBER BINATANG BANJARNEGARA ◽

10.22435/blb.v12i2.208 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 99-110

Author(s):

Wiwik Trapsilowati ◽

Aryani Pujiyanti ◽

K. Sekar Negari

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Malaria Transmission ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

Coffee Plantation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mosquito Nets ◽

Positive Rate ◽

Mosquito Breeding

Malaria transmission is influenced by several factors, including parasites, human, mosquito and environment. In 2009, slide positive rate (SPR) in Puskesmas Aji Kuning, Sungai Nyamuk and Setabu in Sebatik Island were identified as amount 63,61%, 28,04% and 30,12% respectively, while the target malaria pre-elimination SPR < 5%. The aim of this study was to determine the behavioral and environmental risk factors of malaria transmission. This is a cross sectional study and the number of sample were 101 respondents. The results showed that there was significant association between the habit of using mosquito nets, the habit of using mosquito coils, repellent and others, the respondent's house near breeding mosquitoes habitats and the respondent’s house near the cocoa/coffee plantation with the occurrence of malaria cases. Relative risk (RR) value were 2,0, 2,3, 2,9 and 1,7, respectively. Behavioral risk factors of malaria transmission were the habit of using a mosquito nets and habit of using mosquito coils, repellent and others. Environmental risk of malaria transmission were the house near mosquito breeding habitats, and the house near the cocoa and coffee plantation.

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