Determining Benzene Concentration Safe Level at Gas Stations in Pancoranmas Depok, Indonesia

The problem of losses of oil products from leaks during their storage and transportation at oil supply facilities is considered. The influence of oil product leaks on the environmental situation around oil depots and gas stations is shown. A detailed overview of existing methods and tools for detecting leaks of petroleum products from storage facilities is presented. The evaluation of their effectiveness. Two methods for detecting oil leaks and devices based on them are proposed. The first device monitors the movement of liquid in the tank, the second-detects petroleum products in wastewater. The problem of recovery of petroleum vapors and environmental pollution from the release of vapors of light fractions into the atmosphere is also considered. An overview of existing methods and means of recovery of petroleum vapors is presented. Two methods and devices for capturing oil vapors and returning them to the reservoir are proposed, based on different principles: vapor absorption in the cooled oil product and vapor recovery on the principle of the Carnot cycle. It is shown that these devices can provide effective detection of oil leaks and recovery of their vapors, as well as improve the effectiveness of environmental protection at modern gas stations and tank farms.

Download Full-text

SUBSTANTIATING THE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE FIRE WALL IN ORDER TO ENSURE FIRE SAFETY OF BUILDINGS DESIGNED CLOSE TO AUTOMOBILE GAS STATIONS

Fire and Emergencies prevention elimination ◽

10.25257/fe.2018.1.13-19 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 13-19

Author(s):

S. Shvyrkov ◽

◽

V. Vorobyev ◽

A. Petrov ◽

S. Shaikhulov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fire Safety ◽

Geometric Parameters ◽

Gas Stations ◽

Fire Wall

Download Full-text

Commercial Development at Rural and Small-Town Interstate Exits

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1649-12 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1649 (1) ◽

pp. 95-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David T. Hartgen ◽

Ji Youn Kim

Keyword(s):

Fast Food ◽

Small Town ◽

Local Market ◽

Network Access ◽

Commercial Development ◽

Gas Stations ◽

Trade Area ◽

Fast Food Restaurants ◽

Regression Techniques ◽

Site Competition

Commercial development at 63 rural and small-town Interstate exits is quantified and related to local market wealth, size, geography, access, traffic, site competition, and other development. Five development types (gas stations, convenience stores, fast food restaurants, sit-down restaurants, and motels) are studied. The geographic information system TransCAD 3.0 is used to determine network access and local trade area characteristics. Models are then estimated for each development type using classification and regression techniques separately and in combination. Model estimates are then compared with actual development. Results show that the relationships are complex, often nonlinear; and show high correlation between development types. The findings should be useful for planning exit land use, coordinating market assessments, determining the value of land, and assessing sites for business placement.

Download Full-text

Box Experiment Study of Thermally Enhanced SVE for Benzene

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084062 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4062

Author(s):

Qixiang Zhang ◽

Qiyan Feng ◽

Xueqiang Zhu ◽

Mei Zhang ◽

Yanjun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temperature Distribution ◽

Concentration Distribution ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Soil Gas ◽

Vapor Extraction ◽

Operation Process ◽

Repair Efficiency ◽

Benzene Concentration ◽

Benzene Content ◽

Peak Value

In order to describe the changes of soil temperature field, air flow field and remediation situation with time during the process of thermally enhanced SVE (soil vapor extraction), a remediation experiment of benzene contaminated soil with single extraction pipe was carried out in a box device. The results showed that the whole temperature of the system was raised to 80 °C in 4 h. 43% of benzene were removed in the first 2% of the extraction time. After 24 h, the repair efficiency was close to 100%. The device can efficiently remove benzene from soil. By continuously monitoring the parameters in the operation process of the system, the spatial distribution of temperature and soil gas pollutant concentration with time was plotted. It showed the benzene concentration distribution in the soil gas was more consistent with the temperature distribution before the start of ventilation, and the concentration of benzene in the soil gas dropped rapidly after ventilation, while the temperature distribution was almost unaffected. In the treatment of soil with a benzene content of 17.8 mg∙kg−1, when the soil gas benzene concentration is the highest at 180 min, the peak value is 11,200 mg∙m−3, and the average concentration is 7629.4 mg∙m−3.

Download Full-text

Urban Impacts of Mobile Fuel Delivery Service

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198120975413 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 036119812097541

Author(s):

Andrea Broaddus

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Traffic Congestion ◽

Data Set ◽

Gas Stations ◽

Bay Area ◽

Urban Impacts ◽

Fuel Delivery ◽

Declining Demand ◽

Multiple Vehicles ◽

Gas Station

Mobile fuel delivery (MFD) uses a fueling truck to fill up personal and commercial fleet vehicles while they are parked overnight. This study used a sample data set provided by a San Francisco Bay Area company to explore the potential impacts on vehicle miles traveled (VMT), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and traffic congestion. An analysis of vehicle travel associated with gas station trips was conducted to establish a basis for comparison. Future scenarios comparing the potential impacts of scaled-up MFD services in 2030 were also developed. The study concluded that MFD services compared favorably to gas stations in relation to environmental and traffic benefits in the longer term, even though personal fueling trips tended to generate low VMT. Benefits stemmed from efficiencies achieved by fueling multiple vehicles per delivery trip, replacing car share vehicle fueling trips, and removing trips from the network during peak hours. This analysis estimated that total annual CO2 emissions associated with fuel delivery operations in the Bay Area were 76 metric tons, which is less than a typical gas station with 97 metric tons. Under assumptions of declining demand for gasoline and significantly fewer gas stations, and with highly efficient optimized operations, mobile delivery could gain up to 5% market share for gas and not add additional VMT over the business as usual scenario.

Download Full-text

KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE-1 AS AN EARLY AMIKACIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY MARKER IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS HOSPITALIZED IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2019.v11s1.031 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 277-279

Author(s):

TRISNI UNTARI DEWI ◽

INSTIATY . ◽

RUDIANTO SEDONO ◽

GESTINA ALISKA ◽

MUHAMMAD KHIFZHON AZWAR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Safe Level ◽

Study Results ◽

Early Biomarker ◽

Kidney Injury Molecule 1 ◽

Trough Plasma

Objective: This study sought to determine the correlation between trough plasma amikacin concentrations and urinary normalized kidney injurymolecule-1 (KIM-1) concentrations as an early biomarker of nephrotoxicity in patients with sepsis who are hospitalized in an intensive care unit.Methods: In this pilot study, 12 patients with sepsis were treated with amikacin 1000 mg/day between May 2015 and September 2015. The correlationbetween trough plasma amikacin concentrations measured after the third dose and the elevation of urinary normalized KIM-1 concentrations afterthe third amikacin dose relative to the first/second dose was evaluated.Results: In total, three patients had trough plasma amikacin concentrations exceeding the safe level (>10 μg/ml). Furthermore, eight patientsdisplayed higher normalized KIM-1 concentrations after third dose than after the first/second dose; however, there was no correlation betweentrough amikacin concentrations and the elevation of urinary normalized KIM-1 concentrations (r=0.3, p=0.3).Conclusion: The study results illustrated that short-term treatment with an amikacin dose of 1000 mg/day was generally safe in patients with sepsis.

Download Full-text

A New Reinforcement Measure Suited for Space Truss with No-Fire Operation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.401 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 919-921 ◽

pp. 401-405

Author(s):

Zuo Yun Mei ◽

Chuan Qing Liu ◽

Xing Mi ◽

Ping Wu

Keyword(s):

Element Model ◽

High Yield ◽

Nonlinear Analyses ◽

High Yield Strength ◽

Shell Elements ◽

Gas Stations ◽

Space Truss ◽

Reinforcement Measure ◽

Space Trusses ◽

Elastic Stage

A new reinforcement measure with no-fire operation is presented, which is very suitable for space trusses which are located in gas stations. A finite element model (FEM) is presented with shell elements and multipoint constraint elements. With this FEM, nonlinear analyses are carried out. Analytical results show that integral failure of reinforced pipe is caused by yielding of original pipe inside. So it is not necessary to reinforce original pipe using steel pipe bonded outside with high yield strength. With the increase of length of bonded pipe outside, loading according to elastic stage and ultimate bearing loading increase, it is clear that the length of bonded pipe outside is an important factor which influences the bearing capacity.

Download Full-text

Effect Factors of Benzene Adsorption and Degradation by Nano-TiO2Immobilized on Diatomite

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2012/593924 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lijun Cheng ◽

Yong Kang ◽

Guishui Li

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Benzene Adsorption ◽

Effect Factors ◽

Benzene Concentration ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Safe Concentration

Difference between adsorption of benzene by diatomite and nano-TiO2immobilized on diatomite was investigated. And effects of temperature, light intensity, relative humidity, and initial benzene concentration on adsorption and degradation of benzene by nano-TiO2immobilized on diatomite were also studied. The experimental results showed that when initial benzene concentration was2.2×10−3 mg L−1, it could be degraded to below safe concentration (1.1×10−4 mg L−1) after 50 h when temperature was 20°C, but it just needed 30 h at 35°C. When light intensity was 6750 Lx, it needed 30 h for benzene to be degraded to below safe concentration, but benzene could barely be degraded without light. When relative humidity was 50%, benzene could be degraded to1.0×10−4 mg L−1after 30 h, while its concentration could be reduced to7.0×10−5 mg L−1at the relative humidity of 80%.

Download Full-text