Method for calculating the thrust and specific thrust of a double-flow gas turbine engine based on the results of tests at the laboratory unit «Flame»

The main technical characteristics of jet engines depend on the fuel quality: thrust and fuel consumption. As a rule, the comparative assessment of real engines is carried by specific values. Specific thrust is one of the most important parameters of the gas turbine engine (GTE). The larger it is, the smaller the required air flow rate through the engine at a given thrust and therefore its dimensions and mass. To date, a system for evaluating the performance properties of fuels based on qualification methods has been created. However, these methods do not allow calculating the thrust and specific thrust of the engine and potentially assessing the effect of fuels on these characteristics. Therefore, the issues of efficient use of fuels for GTE are solved almost exclusively on the basis of tests at testing units with full-scale engines, which are carried out repeatedly, which leads to a significant increase in the cost of testing. The article proposes a method for calculating the thrust and specific thrust of a double-flow gas turbine engine according to the results of tests at a constant volume laboratory unit of bypass type “Flame”. The method is based on modeling the engine operating conditions using the similarity criteria of the bench reactor and the real engine and allows reducing significantly the material and time costs for testing. The experimental of the combustion characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels and the rated values of their thrust and specific thrust for a double-flow gas turbine engine are presented.

Influence of the synthesis method of tert-butylated triphenyl phosphates on the operational properties of fire-resistant fluids

Three substituted aryl esters of orthophosphoric acid are the base component of fire-resistant fluids used in the lubricating and electro-hydraulic control system at steam and gas turbines of power plants. In this paper, we studied the possibility of improving the physicochemical and performance properties of phosphates, which are made of the raw materials available in the Russian Federation: phenol and 4-tert-butylphenol by reducing the content of an undesirable component - unsubstituted triphenyl phosphate, which is particularly vulnerable towards water. According to the results of the work, the conclusions were made: - a decrease in the content of triphenyl phosphate to a level of 1% and below leads to some improvement (reduction) of the air release time and an increase in the hydrolytic stability (represented as reducing the change in acid number after prolonged contact with water) of the fire-resistant fluid based on mixed esters. The degree of change of these properties is quantified. - it is possible to achieve the minimum content of triphenyl phosphate by changing the phosphorylation technology. By carrying out the process stepwise, the possibility of the interaction of phosphorus oxychloride with unsubstituted phenol is substantially eliminated, that is why there is almost no probability of an undesirable component formation in the resulting mixture of esters.

Investigation of the qualities of some promising oils of the Absheron oil and gas region

The article presents the characteristics of characteristic oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region, as well as the hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions. Oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region in terms of light fractions, sulfur content, and density are comparable to marketing grades of oils. The standards for prices are: graded crude oil WTI, Light Sweet, Brent, and Russian oils Sokol, Urals, Siberian Light are approaching them. We have studied in detail the yields and hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions of oils from the Apsheron oil and gas region. To obtain oils with a high viscosity index, studies were carried out to change the structure of oil fractions using hydrogen using the example of oil fractions of Azeri oil. Due to the significant content of aromatic hydrocarbons, schemes for the processing of oil fractions have been developed, including selective purification of distillates, dewaxing (except for Guneshli oil), as well as hydrocatalytic treatment in a severe mode in the presence of industrial Russian catalysts. As a result, it was possible to obtain API group I oils, according to the viscosity classification corresponding to SAE 20 and SAE 30. Thus, a study of the qualities and hydrocarbon composition of oils from the Absheron oil and gas region showed that these oils are characterized by a high content of light fractions, low density, and low sulfur content. According to these indicators, these oils correspond to the marker oils. In order to obtain base oils with a viscosity index of ≥90 and an aromatic hydrocarbon content of ≥10, a traditional refining method was used: selective refining, dewaxing, and severe hydrotreating.

Digital monitoring system of equipment for the analysis of fuel and lubricants quality

Currently, to increase the efficiency of industrial production, high-performance and expensive technological equipment is increasingly used, in which the weakest link, from the point of view of efficiency and reliability, is the components and parts of heavily loaded tribo – couplings operating both at significantly different temperatures (conditionally under lighter conditions, the temperature difference can be 100-120 degrees) and climatic conditions (high humidity, the presence of abrasives and other chemical elements in the atmosphere). As the results of the analysis of the frequency of failures of friction units and, accordingly, the cost of their restoration reach 9-20 percent of the cost of all equipment, without taking into account significant losses of income (profit) of the enterprise from downtime. The solution of this problem is based on the study of the wear rate of friction units by the wear products accumulated in working oils, cooling lubricants, and greases. A digital equipment monitoring system (DSMT) has been developed and implemented, which includes dynamic recording of the number of wear products and oil temperature by original modern recording devices, followed by the technology of their processing and use. The system also includes methods for finding the necessary information in large data sets useful and necessary in theoretical and practical terms with a similar technique controlled by a digital monitoring system. The advantages of SMT are the ability to predict the reliability of the equipment; reduce production risks and significantly reduce inefficient costs.

Development prospects for the production of Russian biodegradable lubricants based on group V base oils

Currently, requirements for the environmental safety of lubricants are being tightened. The production of biodegradable lubricants is growing in European countries. The analysis of the production of biodegradable lubricants in the Russian Federation is carried out. Currently, the range of biodegradable lubricants in Russia is limited due to the lack of capacity for the production of polyalkylene glycol oils and esters. However, increasing environmental requirements in the oil, metallurgical, machine-building, construction industries, energy, agriculture, forestry, and water resources require more and more production of lubricants with high environmental performance. To assess the Biodegradability of Russian lubricants, it is necessary to use GOST 32433-2013 identical to the international standard OECD 301B. It is shown that in European countries, polyalkylene glycols and synthetic esters (diesters and esters) are widely used for the production of biodegradable motor, transmission, hydraulic, and turbine oils. To expand the production of modern biodegradable lubricants in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to develop industrial production of API group V oils. The use of biodegradable greases, coolant and separation lubricants based on vegetable oils is promising.

Determination of Organic Chloride Content in the Specialty Oilfield Chemicals Used in the Crude Oil Extraction, Transportation and Refining by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

The organic chloride content in crude oil being among the most crucial quality characteristics of the crude is strictly controlled. The presence of organic chlorides in crude oil greatly endangers the oil refineries since it causes a severe equipment corrosion. Specialty oilfield chemicals, which are widely used in the crude oil extraction, transportation, refining and storage, could be a source of the crude oil contamination with organic chlorides. As a consequence, the organic chloride content determination in the chemicals is required. It was demonstrated that the organic chloride content in the specialty oilfield chemicals can be determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) using an appropriate specimen preparation procedure. Two specimen preparation procedures, i.e. the solvent extraction and the distillation of a specimen mixed with the crude oil or its model, were tested. It was established that an organic chloride content can be successfully determined in a broad range of the specialty oilfield chemicals by the XRF technique when applying these specimen preparation procedures. The investigation of four types of the specialty oilfield chemicals confirmed that the specimen preparation procedure, involving a solvent extraction of organic chlorides from the chemicals into isooctane, is more comprehensive than the distillation procedure since it is free from the limitations associated with the use of high temperatures.

Spectroscopic studies of oil products west-absheron oil fractions.

The composition and paramagnetism of oil fractions (300-350oC), (350-400oC), (400-450oC), and (450-500oC) of West-Absheron oil were studied using IR, ESR spectroscopy and luminescence methods. In all these refineries, asphaltene radicals with a concentration of 1018spin/g are registered, which screen all paramagnetic particles present in the oil system. With the exception of the fraction (300-350oC), in which much lower than in the listed fractions, it was possible to register the spectra of metal oxides (DHwidth=117mtl, g=2.7), the spectra from aromatic hydrocarbon radicals (DНwidth=10mtl, g=2.4), which was also registered in the fr.(140-3200C) of the oil itself. The presence of these petroleum products greatly reduces the oil viscosity index. As a result of the cleaning of the latter with an ionic liquid and an adsorption method in the studied oil fractions were found in trace amounts. The increase in the viscosity index of the oil fr. (350-500oC) was increased only after the addition of a foreign Lubrizol additive concentrate. Thus, the SAE15W40 engine oil with a viscosity index of 101.2 and a low pour point (-30oC) was obtained, which is recommended as a motor oil for diesel engines.

How to certify reference materials: by voting or by exact weights

The problems of using reference materials (RM) of oil and petroleum products humidity is discussed for different programs of certification: according to accuracy of the preparation procedure (RM-PP), according to the results of the interlaboratory studies (RM-INTERLAB) and using reference methods (RM-RM). Similar NIST samples (SRM 2271 and 272) were used for comparison. The problem of using CO-INTERLAB for control the accuracy of standard methods is the absence of the true value, this task is not even raised. "Accuracy control" has a different emphasis in this situation: RM-INTERLAB allow to select, "voting by majority" among the general population of the laboratory and cut the others. Therefore, their main application is qualification tasks. This approach is basically incorrect for analyzers. In the case of RM-PP and RM-RM, the main problem is the difference in the composition of real samples and ideal matrices of RM’s. Their main application is the control the accuracy of the analyzers in the absence of interfering influences. The "cheap" RM’s production technologies do not allow the omprehensive control of the real oil samples. The complication of oil technologies and the use of heavy oils in refining could provide the progress in RM’s.

Industrial technologies for processing waste oils

A brief review of the state of collection, disposal and processing of used oils shows the availability of their resource in the country and the main trends in the organization of qualified collection, disposal and processing according to the lubricating oil version. The relevant technologies are given for individual stages and in general for enterprises, the choice of which depends on the quality and characteristics of raw materials. The advantage of the technological scheme, including coagulation purification at the stage of raw material preparation and vacuum distillation with the selection of distillate fractions and the residue, followed by additional purification of the residue, is shown. The use of this technology makes it possible to increase the yield and quality of the target product, which is practically impossible for the raw materials currently available in the Russian Federation using other technologies.

Mixed esters of xanthogenic acids containing carbonyl, dithiocarbamine and thiocyane group and their research as additives improving tribological characteristics

On the basis of environmentally friendly raw materials of glycerol, by its interaction with monochloroacetic acid, 1,2,3-(trichloroacetyl)triglyceride was synthesized, which is used for further syntheses of xanthogenic acid derivatives containing a number of functional groups  dithiocarbamic, thiocyanic. The reaction of 1,2,3-(trichloroacetyl) triglyceride with potassium alkylxanthate in a ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 gave 1-butylxanthogenatoacetoxy-2,3-(dichloroacetoxy) propane and 1,3-di(alkylxanthogenatoacetoxy)-2-chloroacetoxypropane. Mixed esters of xanthogenic acid containing dithiocarbamic and thiocyanic groups were synthesized by the interaction of 1,2,3-(trichloroacetyl) triglyceride in the corresponding sequence, first with sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate, with potassium butylxanthate, as a result 1-butylxanthogenatoacetoxy-2-chloracetoxy-3-(diethyldithiocarbamatoacetoxy) propane. Sequential reaction of 1,2,3-(trichloroacetyl) triglyceride with potassium rhodanide with potassium butylxanthate gave 1-butylxanthogenatoacetoxy-2-chloroacetoxy-3-(thiocyanatoacetoxy)propane. The structure of the synthesized compounds has been proven by IR spectroscopy. The compounds have been tested as additives to improve the tribological characteristics of oils and have been shown to be effective.