scholarly journals Dating of Isnād and Western Scholarship

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (- 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Western Scholarship

Isnād system is the distinction of Muslim Ummah which is praised by its critics too because it is a source of access to the origin of every information. Muslim scholarship called it religion and did not accept hadith without Isnād . Especially after the first Civil War -when the fabrication of hadīth appeared in Muslim society- the Muhadithūn thoroughly scrutinised the traditions and transmitters to differentiate the authentic Aḥādīth from the weak and fabricated. On the other hand, when Western scholarship started source criticism, they considered Isnād system as a source of dating Ḥadīth. Therefore, most of their theories and conclusions about the authenticity of Ḥadīth based on it. They put in question the Isnād system as Prophetic Ḥadīth and tried to find out its dating in their studies. Some of them claimed that Muḥadıthūn fabricated it in the second century and onwards while the others argued that it was used after the first half of the first century. However, both considered it later addition to the hadith literature. This study deals with the theories of Western scholars about the dating of Isnād and its comparison with historical facts.

ARISTARCHUS’ WORK IN PROGRESS: WHAT DID ARISTONICUS AND DIDYMUS READ OF ARISTARCHUS?

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Schironi
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Work In Progress ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New System

As is well known, the work of Aristarchus on Homer is not preserved by direct tradition. We have instead many fragments preserved mainly in the Homeric scholia, the Byzantine Etymologica and the Homeric commentaries by Eustathius of Thessalonica. These fragments go back to the so-called Viermännerkommentar (abbreviated VMK), the ‘commentary of the four men’, a commentary that is dated to the fifth-sixth century c.e. and collects the works of Aristonicus, Didymus, Nicanor and Herodian. In the first century b.c.e. Aristonicus explained the meaning of Aristarchus’ critical signs in a treatise called Περὶ τῶν σημείων τῶν τῆς ᾿Ιλιάδος καὶ ᾿Οδυσσείας, while in the Περὶ τῆς ᾿Αρισταρχείου διορθώσεως Didymus studied Aristarchus’ Homeric recension. In the second century c.e. two more scholars, Herodian and Nicanor, dealt with Aristarchus while analysing questions of prosody in the Homeric language (Herodian) or the punctuation of the Homeric text (Nicanor). Not all of these four ‘men’ are equally important, however, as sources for Aristarchus. In fact, Herodian and Nicanor had aims that were quite independent of Aristarchus’ enterprise: the former was concerned with problems of prosody, accentuation and aspiration in Homer, whereas the latter had developed a new system of punctuation to elucidate the Homeric text from a syntactic point of view. Although both Herodian and Nicanor did take an interest in Aristarchus, their focus was thus different from that of their Alexandrian predecessor. The goal of Aristonicus and Didymus, on the other hand, was specifically to reconstruct Aristarchus’ work on Homer; it is for this reason that they are considered the most trustworthy witnesses for Aristarchus’ fragments.

scholarly journals On the Date of Composition of Additions B and E to LXX Esther

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Domazakis
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Abstract Additions B and E to LXX Esther have been variously dated from the second century BCE to the first century CE. This study links the two Greek Additions, on the one hand, with Philo’s writings through the concept of the “evil-hating justice” and, on the other hand, with the historical persons and events related to the Jewish-Alexandrian conflict of 38-41 CE, and dates their composition or final redaction to the early forties of the first century CE.

Timber

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Charles Taylor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Timber Market

During the civil war, Liberia’s forestry sector rose to prominence as Charles Taylor traded timber for arms. When the war ended, the UN’s timber sanctions remained in effect, reinforced by the Forestry Development Authority’s (FDA) domestic ban on logging. As Liberians waited for UN timber sanctions to be lifted, a burgeoning domestic timber market developed. This demand was met by artisanal loggers, more commonly referred to as pit sawyers. Out of this illicit economy emerged the Nezoun Group to provide local dispute resolution between the FDA’s tax collectors and ex-combatant pit sawyers. The Nezoun Group posed a dilemma for the government. On the one hand, the regulatory efforts of the Nezoun Group helped the FDA to tax an activity that it had banned. On the other hand, the state’s inability to contain the operations of the Nezoun Group—in open contravention of Liberian laws—highlighted the government’s capacity problems.

scholarly journals DANTES LITTERÆRE ATMOSFÆROLOGI

1970 ◽  
Vol 41 (116) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Dennis Meyhoff Brink
Keyword(s):  
Divine Comedy ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Peter Sloterdijk ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The One ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena ◽  
Lauren Berlant

DANTE’S LITERARY ATMOSPHEROLOGY | The article argues that recent theories on affect and atmosphere by, for instance, Teresa Brennan, Lauren Berlant, and Peter Sloterdijk, can enter into an extraordinarily fruitful interchange with Dante’s Divine Comedy. On the one hand, these theories can direct our attention to the hitherto overlooked atmospheric phenomena that occur ubiquitously in Dante’s Comedy and provide us with concepts that render them legible as products of human emissions. On the other hand, the numerous descriptions of different atmospheres in Dante’s Comedy can contribute to overcoming the lack of linguistic specifications and distinctions which – according to theorists such as Brian Massumi and Peter Sloterdijk – characterizes today’s Western understanding of affective atmospheres and impedes its ongoing theorization. Based on readings of a selected number of atmospheres in Dante’s Comedy, the article argues that the Comedy not only anticipated insights that were not articulated theoretically until the twentieth and twenty-first century, butalso makes up an exceptional encyclopedia of affective atmospheres that have not yet been examined, neither by Dante researchers, nor by theorists of affects and atmospheres. Therefore, both camps have much to learn from Dante’s literary atmospherology, which the article aims to make explicit.

scholarly journals Wealth, Slave Ownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Hall ◽  
Connor Huff ◽  
Shiro Kuriwaki
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
The Other ◽  
Confederate Army ◽  
Free Ride ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Personal Wealth ◽  
The One

How did personal wealth and slaveownership affect the likelihood southerners fought for the Confederate Army in the American Civil War? On the one hand, wealthy southerners had incentives to free-ride on poorer southerners and avoid fighting; on the other hand, wealthy southerners were disproportionately slaveowners, and thus had more at stake in the outcome of the war. We assemble a dataset on roughly 3.9 million free citizens in the Confederacy, and show that slaveowners were more likely to fight than non-slaveowners. We then exploit a randomized land lottery held in 1832 in Georgia. Households of lottery winners owned more slaves in 1850 and were more likely to have sons who fought in the Confederate Army. We conclude that slaveownership, in contrast to some other kinds of wealth, compelled southerners to fight despite free-rider incentives because it raised their stakes in the war’s outcome.

scholarly journals The Wrong Practice Of Anointing Oil In The Church According To James 5:14 A Theological study

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Sayangi Laia ◽  
Harman Ziduhu Laia ◽  
Daniel Ari Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Theological Study ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

The practice of anointing with oil has been done in the church since the first century to the present. On the other hand, there are also churches which have refused to do this. The practice of anointing with oil has essentially lifted from James 5:14. This text has become one of one text in the New Testament which is quite difficult to understand and bring a variety of views. Not a few denominations of the church understand James 5:14 is wrong, even the Catholic church including in it. The increasingly incorrect practice of anointing in the church today, that can be believed can heal disease physically and a variety of other functions push back the author to check the text of James 5:14 in the exegesis. Studies the exegesis of the deep, which focuses on the contextual, grammatical-structural,

Aspects of the Vocabulary of Chariton of Aphrodisias

1991 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 484-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Ruiz-Montero
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
The Third

There has been little research on the vocabulary of the Greek novelists. Gasda studied that of Chariton in the last century. He compared some of his terms with those of other authors and he concluded he should be placed in the sixth century A.D. Then Schmid considered that Chariton's language was not Atticist, and dated his novel in the second century or beginning of the third. In 1973 Chariton's language was studied by Papanikolaou. His research dealt above all with several syntactic aspects and the use of some vocabulary, which led him to conclude that this language was closer to the koiné than that of the other novelists. But Papanikolaou went further in his conclusions: finding no trace of Atticism in Chariton, he considered him a pre-Atticist writer and, using extra-linguistic data, such as the citing of the Seres, the Chinese (6.4.2), placed him in the second half of the first century B.C. This chronology has been accepted by some, but already Giangrande has observed that this lack of Atticisms could have been intentional, in which case that date would be questionable.

scholarly journals The explanation of muwālāt in Zuhaily’s exegesis “al Tafsir al munir”

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Iman Kanani ◽  
Muhammad Zarasi ◽  
Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The One ◽  
Complicated Situation

One of the crucial contemporary issues of Islamic thought that has brought complicated situation in Muslims states, on the one hand, and between Muslims and non-Muslims on the other hand, is the issue of muwālāt. The literal understanding of muwālāt has caused profound problems in human societies, especially in the multi-religion countries. This research clarifies the meaning of loyalty in the Qur’ān based on al-Zuḥayli’s exegesis by using analytical -inductive method. The present study also elucidates Al-Zuḥayli’s point of view towards spiritual muwālāt and humane social muwālāt in the Quran.Hence, the study reveals fruitful findings and output, indicating that al-Zuḥayli separated muwālāt to three categories; prohibited muwālāt, muwālāt that causes infidelity, and muwālāt which means nice cohabitation with others. Also, the study explores that al-Zuḥayli believes that the principle in relations with Non-Muslims is based on peace. Furtheremore, al-Zuḥayli pointed out that muwālāt is permissible when it benefits Muslim society and Non- Muslim are not fighting with or betraying Muslims. Also the study presents that al-Zuḥayli has distinguished between muwālāt that means monotheism and worshiping God, and other types of muwālāt.

scholarly journals Ignacio de Antioquía inventó el Cristianismo: Trajano y Adriano frente a los Cristianos = Ignatius of Antioch invented the Christianism: Trajan and Hadrian facing the Christians

2019 ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Pedro Giménez de Aragón Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Change ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian Identity ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
1 Peter ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship

Resumen: Este artículo estudia el cambio con­ceptual que se produjo a partir de Ignacio de Antioquía, creador de los neologismos Christianismós y Katholika Ekklesía. Se analiza también el precedente que supuso el neologismo ’Ioudaïsmós, nacido en 2Ma­cabeos. Por otra parte, se analiza la relación existente entre el nacimiento de una iden­tidad cristiana a principios del siglo II y el cambio en la política religiosa de Adriano respecto a los cristianos. Si Trajano ordenó que los cristianos confesos debían ser eje­cutados, Adriano, después de escuchar la Apología de Arístides, ordenó que las ejecu­ciones debían cesar. Arístides y las cartas de Bernabé y 1 Pedro son textos cristianos de esa época que pugnan por la consolidación de una identidad cristiana diferente a la gre­corromana y a la judía. Dicha identidad no era religiosa sino étnica, porque el concepto de religión tal como hoy lo conocemos no existía en la Antigüedad.Abstract: This article deals with the conceptual change produced after Ignatius of Antioch, creator of the neologisms Christianismós and Katholika Ekklesía. The precedent that made arise the neologism ’Ioudaïsmós, born in 2Maccabees, is also analyzed. On the other hand, the relationship between the birth of a Christian identity at the beginning of the second century and the change of Hadrian’s religious policy towards the Christians is analyzed as well. Whereas Trajan ordered that confessed Christians should be execu­ted, Hadrian commanded, after having listen the Apology of Aristides, that the executions should come to an end. Aristides and the letters of Barnabas and 1 Peter are Christian texts of that time that struggle for the conso­lidation of a Christian identity different from the Greco-Roman and Jewish identities. This identity was not religious but ethnic, since the concept of religion as we know it today did not exist in Antiquity.Palabras clave: Judaísmo, Cristianismo, Ignacio de An­tioquía, Arístides de Atenas, Bernabé, 1 Pe­dro, Trajano, Adriano.Key words: Judaism, Christianity, Ignatius of An­tioch, Aristides of Athens, Bernabe, 1 Peter, Trajan, Hadrian.

Chariton and Xenophon of Ephesus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Sophistic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
And Control

This chapter discusses the novels of Chariton and Xenophon of Ephesus. Both are engaged with central concerns of the Second Sophistic, in particular that of elite Greek identity. Chariton’s novel (composed in the second century and connected with the sophist Dionysius of Miletus) demonstrates the same empathetic recreation of the classical past as sophistic declamation, and defines the Greekness of his protagonists in antithesis to a Persia configured to enable the exploration of the contemporary accommodation of the Greek elite to Rome. In his vision, paideia is a central constituent of Hellenic identity, enacted through an important third character, who represents an older erotic paradigm in contrast to the romantic heroes. Xenophon’s novel (probably an epitome), on the other hand, uses a contemporary setting to explore the nightmare of the loss of social status and control over one’s own person.

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