scholarly journals Switching attention from internal to external information processing: A review of the literature and empirical support of the resource sharing account

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 468-490
Author(s):  
Sam Verschooren ◽  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Rudi De Raedt ◽  
Gilles Pourtois
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
External Information ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Switching Attention

scholarly journals Switching attention from internal to external information processing: a review of the literature and empirical support of the resource sharing account

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Verschooren ◽  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Rudi de Raedt ◽  
Gilles Pourtois
Keyword(s):  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
External Information ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Domain Switch

Despite its everyday ubiquity, not much is currently known about cognitive processes involved in flexible shifts of attention between external and internal information. An important model in the task-switching literature, which can serve as a blueprint for attentional flexibility, states that switch costs correspond to the time needed for a serial control mechanism to reallocate a limited resource from the previous task context to the current one. To formulate predictions from this model when applied to a switch between perceptual attention (external component) and working memory (WM; internal component), we first need to determine whether a single, serial control mechanism is in place and, subsequently, whether a limited resource is shared between them. Following a review of the literature, we predicted that a between-domain switch cost should be observed, and its size should be either similar or reduced compared to the standard, within-domain, switch cost. These latter two predictions derive from a shared resource account between external and internal attention, or partial independence among them, respectively. In a second phase, we put to the test these opposing predictions in four successive behavioral experiments by means of a new paradigm suited to compare directly between- (internal to external) and within-domain (external to external) switch costs. Across them, we demonstrated the existence of a reliable between-domain switch cost whose magnitude was similar to the within-domain one, thereby lending support to the resource sharing account.

Perspectives on the Field of Cognitive Informatics and its Future Development

2012 ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang ◽  
Bernard Carlos Widrow ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Witold Kinsner ◽  
Kenji Sugawara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Future Development ◽  
External Information ◽  
Cognitive Computing ◽  
Cognitive Informatics ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Science Information

The contemporary wonder of sciences and engineering has recently refocused on the beginning point of: how the brain processes internal and external information autonomously and cognitively rather than imperatively like conventional computers. Cognitive Informatics (CI) is a transdisciplinary enquiry of computer science, information sciences, cognitive science, and intelligence science that investigates the internal information processing mechanisms and processes of the brain and natural intelligence, as well as their engineering applications in cognitive computing. This paper reports a set of eight position statements presented in the plenary panel of IEEE ICCI’10 on Cognitive Informatics and Its Future Development contributed from invited panelists who are part of the world’s renowned researchers and scholars in the field of cognitive informatics and cognitive computing.

Stereotypes, Bias, and Personnel Decisions: Strange and Stranger

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Landy
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Personnel Decisions ◽  
Study Designs

Research on stereotyping as related to workplace evaluations and decisions has been going on for more than 30 years. Recently, implicit association theory has emerged as a less conscious manifestation of stereotyping mechanisms. In this article, I review the relevance of research on both stereotyping and one of the more popular tests of implicit associations, the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Claims have been made that both stereotyping research and, more recently, IAT research provide theoretical and empirical support for the argument that protected demographic groups (e.g., ethnic minorities, women) are the victims of biased personnel decisions and evaluations. My review of the literature suggests that both stereotyping and IAT research study designs are sufficiently far removed from real work settings as to render them largely useless for drawing inferences about most, but not all, forms of employment discrimination.

scholarly journals Academic Listening and Lecture Notetaking for L1/L2 Students: The Need to Investigate the Utility of the Axioms of Good Notetaking

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Dunkel
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature

This review of the literature on lecture notetaking (l) delineates the avenues of past research concerning learning from L1 lectures as a function of L1 notetaking; (2) highlights the dearth of research concerning the processing of L2 lecture information by advanced foreign/second language learners; (3) outlines accepted axioms of good notetaking; and (4) suggests continued research to assess the utility of these axioms, and to explore further L2 lecture information processing.

scholarly journals An Extended Dual-Process Model of Entertainment Effects on Political Information Processing and Engagement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Schneider ◽  
Anne Bartsch ◽  
Larissa Leonhard
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Dual Process Model ◽  
The One

This chapter reviews the controversial relationship of entertainment and political communication and presents a theoretical framework to integrate seemingly contradicting concepts and research findings. On the one hand, concerns have been raised about the decay of news quality and political culture due to the growing influence of entertainment media. On the other, researchers have highlighted the potential of entertainment in terms of audience interest, cognitive accessibility, and public outreach. A literature overview shows theoretical and empirical support for both sides of the controversy about the (dys-)functionality of entertainment in political communication. Therefore, in an attempt to reconcile the divergent findings, the chapter presents an extended dual-process model of entertainment effects on political information processing and engagement. This framework offers substantial extensions to existing dual-process models of entertainment by conceptualizing the effects of entertainment on different forms of political engagement that have not been incorporated so far.

scholarly journals Clergy Who Leave Congregational Ministry: A Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Hamm ◽  
David Eagle
Keyword(s):  
Common Factor ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
System A ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Protestant Denominations ◽  
Congregational Ministry

Since its inception in the 1960s, research on premature (pre-retirement) clergy attrition from congregational ministry has focused on identifying the factors that precipitate and mitigate ministry exits, while the rates at which clergy leave the ministry have been inconsistently tracked. The literature on clergy attrition is peppered with claims of alarmingly high rates of departure, however, these studies lack strong empirical support. The evidence, while fragmentary, consistently shows that pastors do not leave congregational ministry in large numbers. Incidence of attrition of about 1–2 percent per year is typical across Protestant denominations and among Roman Catholic priests. In addition, contrary to popular conceptions, there is little evidence attrition is particularly high in the first 5 years of congregational ministry. In terms of the reasons for leaving, among Protestants, the most common factor named is conflict with the congregation or denominational system; a smaller number leave to pursue personal goals or to care for family. Among Catholics, loneliness and isolation, tied in major part to the celibacy requirement, are the most significant reasons cited for leaving. Finances or a loss of faith are rarely cited as reasons for leaving among either Catholics or Protestants.

scholarly journals Targeted Memory Reactivation During Sleep Improves Next-Day Problem Solving

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1616-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin E. G. Sanders ◽  
Samuel Osburn ◽  
Ken A. Paller ◽  
Mark Beeman
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Memory Studies ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Memory Reactivation ◽  
Puzzle Solving ◽  
A New Technique

Many people have claimed that sleep has helped them solve a difficult problem, but empirical support for this assertion remains tentative. The current experiment tested whether manipulating information processing during sleep impacts problem incubation and solving. In memory studies, delivering learning-associated sound cues during sleep can reactivate memories. We therefore predicted that reactivating previously unsolved problems could help people solve them. In the evening, we presented 57 participants with puzzles, each arbitrarily associated with a different sound. While participants slept overnight, half of the sounds associated with the puzzles they had not solved were surreptitiously presented. The next morning, participants solved 31.7% of cued puzzles, compared with 20.5% of uncued puzzles (a 55% improvement). Moreover, cued-puzzle solving correlated with cued-puzzle memory. Overall, these results demonstrate that cuing puzzle information during sleep can facilitate solving, thus supporting sleep’s role in problem incubation and establishing a new technique to advance understanding of problem solving and sleep cognition.

Interlending and document supply: a review of the recent literature: 86

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Mike McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Related Material ◽  
The Usa

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature concerning interlending and document supply. Design/methodology/approach – The study included the review of over 130 journals and related material. Findings – The race to build and deliver a system for dealing with the vast increase in OA-deposited manuscripts in the USA continues. Public access to publishers’ e-content is being made available in UK public libraries as part of the Finch report agreement. More developments in Patron-Driven Acquisition are described and much else. Originality/value – Represents a useful resource for librarians and others concerned with interlending and document supply and such related matters as resource sharing and open access.

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