Differential Attention Effects on Dichotic Listening

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer B. Shinn ◽  
Jane A. Baran ◽  
Deborah W. Moncrieff ◽  
Frank E. Musiek

The role of attention in the differentiation of auditory processing disorders from attention deficit disorders is gaining considerable interest in both the clinical and research arenas. It has been well established that when attention is directed to one ear or the other on traditional dichotic tests, performance can be altered. However, preliminary studies in our laboratory have shown that dichotic fusion paradigms are resistant to shifts in ear performance associated with changes in attention. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of normal listeners on a dichotic consonant-vowel and a dichotic rhyme (fusion) test. Both test procedures were administered to 20 young adults in three different listening conditions (free recall, attention directed to the left ear, and attention directed to the right ear). Results from this study supported the hypothesis that dichotic rhyme tests are resistant to alterations in the laterality of attention and have implications for the development of test paradigms that can be used to segregate attention from pure auditory deficits in the clinical domain.

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hiraoka ◽  
T Sano

The role of the sinoatrial ring bundle (SARB) in internodal conduction was examined by the microelectrode technique in excised rabbit hearts. The spread of the sinus impluse to the surrounding tissues was shown to proceed anteriorly toward the right branch of the crista terminalis significantly faster than toward the other direction. Thus the right SARB and the right branch of the crista terminalis close to the sinus node were the earliest areas excited by the sinus impulse in the areas surrounding the sinus node. It was further shown that the activation sequence does not initiate from the right SARB to the right branch of the crista terminalis via the junction of these two structures. Cutting the SARB did not produce any delay in conduction from the sinus node to the atrioventricular (AV) node. The conduction velocity measured at the endocardial surface by two microelectrodes has proved that conduction in the crista terminalis was significantly faster than in the SARB. The upstroke of the action potential from the crista terminalis was also steeper than that from the SARB. These results suggest that the SARB is not the main route for impulse propagation from the sinus node to the AV node; the fastest internodal conduction therefore takes place with wide wave fronts, along the crista terminalis.


Author(s):  
Teerink Han

This chapter offers insight into a typical initial public offering (IPO) process, highlighting key practical and legal considerations around disclosure, through the IPO prospectus and otherwise. The prospectus plays a key role in the preparations for, and execution of, an IPO. As an IPO prospectus typically constitutes a company's first public dissemination of financial and business information, the company and other parties involved in the IPO process must carefully consider the right balance between, on the one hand, drafting the IPO prospectus as a marketing document introducing the company and its business to potential investors, whilst, on the other hand, being able to use the prospectus as a disclosure document that protects the company against liability arising from claims from investors or others after the IPO. Here, the chapter summarizes the different phases in an IPO process and the most important documents and parties involved, focusing on the central role of the IPO prospectus. In addition, a number of changes resulting from the enactment of the Prospectus Regulation are likely to be of particular relevance to IPO processes. The expected impact of these changes is therefore also discussed.


Author(s):  
Diego Ardura ◽  
Ángela Zamora ◽  
Alberto Pérez-Bitrián

The present investigation aims to analyze the effect of motivation on students’ causal attributions to choose or abandon chemistry when it first becomes optional in the secondary education curriculum in Spain. Attributions to the effect of the family and to the teacher and classroom methodology were found to be common predictors of the choice to all the students in the sample. However, our analyses point to a significant effect of the students’ motivation in other types of attributions. In the case of at-risk of abandonment students, specific causal attributions to the effect of friends and to the subject's relationship with mathematics were found. On the other hand, the effect of media was a significant predictor only in the case of highly-motivated students. Our study provides several suggestions for teachers, schools, and administrations to design counseling strategies to help students make the right choices.


1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Sloan Berndt ◽  
Alfonso Caramazza

ABSTRACTComprehension of six dimensional adjectives was found to be intact in groups of left hemisphere-damaged, right hemisphere-damaged and neurologically normal patients. Phrases with those adjectives were interpreted quite differently by left hemisphere-damaged patients than by the other two groups, and a subgroup of left-damaged patients appeared to be responsible for that group's deviant responses to phrases such as slightly bigger. All patients in the left-damaged group had some difficulty with negative phrases such as not big, however. Patients with right hemisphere-damage had difficulty interpreting only negative phrases with small. Results are interpreted with reference to Luria's discussion of semantic aphasia, and with regard to recent findings concerning the role of the right hemisphere in language comprehension.


2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 034-053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Martin ◽  
James Jerger ◽  
Jyutika Mehta

Dichotic listening (DL) procedures are commonly employed in the evaluation of auditory processing in children. Review of the various clinical tests reveals considerable diversity in both the signals employed and their mode of administration. The extent to which other non auditory-specific factors influence the test outcome is often difficult to determine. Individual differences in memory, attention, facility with test stimuli, and report strategy are always of potential concern in the interpretation of results.In the present study, we examined behavioral and electrophysiological (ERP) responses for 20 children during two DL tasks. Two groups of children were evaluated. One group was comprised of children who showed substantial ear differences on clinical measures of DL; the other group showed no such deficits and served as age-matched controls. In one of the DL tasks, participants monitored dichotic stimuli using the divided-attention (unfocused) mode. In the other DL task, a directed-attention (focused) mode was employed. Both tasks involved simple "same-different" judgments for real words presented in a basic reference-probe paradigm. We purposefully sought an easy DL task in order to minimize the number of extra-auditory factors influencing their performance. For control purposes, a diotic procedure involving the same stimuli was also included.Results showed that the amplitude of the elicited late-positive component (LPC) was smaller and prolonged in latency for the group of poor listeners as compared to the control group. This finding occurred only when dichotic stimuli were presented in the divided-attention mode. When participants directed their attention to a single side, or when listening in a diotic mode, the LPC for both groups was more similar. Group differences in the N400 component were apparent for both listening tasks. Results are discussed in relation to an inability of some children to inhibit processing of unattended auditory information. Implications for the clinical administration of dichotic listening tests are also discussed. Los procedimientos de Audición Dicótica (DL) son comúnmente empleados en la evaluación del procesamiento auditivo en niños. La revisión de varias pruebas clínicas revela una diversidad considerable tanto en las señales empleadas como en su modo de administración. En qué grado otros factores no específicos de la audición influyen en los resultados de las pruebas es a menudo difícil de determinar. Las diferencias individuales en memoria, atención, facilidad con los estímulos de la prueba y la estrategia de reporte, tienen siempre influencia potencial en la interpretación de los resultados. En el presente estudio, examinamos respuestas conductuales y electrofisiológicas (ERP) en 20 niños con dos tareas de DL. Se evaluaron dos grupos de niños. Un grupo estaba constituido por niños que mostraban diferencias sustanciales entre los oídos en las mediciones clínicas de la DL; el otro grupo no mostró tal déficit y sirvieron como controles pareados por edad. En una de las tareas de DL, los participantes monitorearon estímulos dicóticos utilizando el modo de atención dividida (no concentrada). En la otra tarea de DL, se empleó un modo de atención dirigida (concentrada). Ambas tareas involucraron juicios simples de "igual-diferente" para palabras reales presentadas en un paradigma de sondeo de diferencia básica. A propósito, buscamos una tarea de DL fácil, para minimizar el número de factores extra-auditivos que influían en el desempeño. Para propósitos de control, se incluyó también un procedimiento diótico que utilizara los mismos estímulos. Los resultados muestran que la amplitud del componente positivo tardío (LPC) generado era más pequeña y más prolongada en latencia para el grupo de oyentes pobres comparado con el grupo control. Este hallazgo tuvo lugar sólo cuando se presentaron estímulos dicóticos en el modo de atención dividida. Cuando los participantes dirigieron su atención a un sólo lado, o cuando escucharon en un modo diótico, el LPC para ambos grupos fue similar. Las diferencias de grupo en el componente N400 fueron aparentes para ambas tareas de audición. Se discuten los resultados en relación con la incapacidad de algunos niños de inhibir el procesamiento de información auditiva a la que no se le está prestando atención. Se discuten las implicaciones para la administración clínicas de pruebas de audición dicótica.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Morwenna Hoeks

Disjunctive questions are ambiguous: they can either be interpreted as polar questions (PolQs), as open disjunctive questions (OpenQs), or as closed alternative questions (ClosedQ). The goal of this paper is to show that the difference in interpretation between these questions can be derived via effects of focus marking directly. In doing so, the proposal brings out the striking parallel between the prosody of questions with foci/contrastive topics on the one hand and that of alternative questions on the other. Unlike previous approaches, this proposal does not rely on structural differences between AltQs and PolQs derived via ellipsis or syntactic movement. To show how this works out, an account of focus and contrastive topic marking in questions is put forward in which f-marking in questions determines what constitutes a possible answer by signaling what the speaker's QUD is like. By imposing a congruence condition between f-marked questions and their answers that requires answers to resolve the question itself as well as its signaled QUD, we predict the right answerhood conditions for disjunctive questions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Emad Mohammed Al-Amaren ◽  
Ahmed M A Hamad ◽  
Omar Farouk Al Mashhour

<em>Arbitration has been known since ancient times, Arbitration is an ancient system known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the first origins of arbitration was in the ancient Roman era. Arbitration is a legal path that seeks to resolve disputes when parties choose to deal with it. The result of the arbitration is called an arbitration award. Where this judgment is issued as a decision of rights and it is binding for opponents subject to it, and when the opponent who has the right obtained an arbitration award for his benefit, this arbitration award does not pay off the purpose of it only after the implementation of the other opponent for what it says. The issue of Execution of arbitration award is very important, and the arbitration decision includes judgment on the parties to the dispute and giving the right to another party and may also include binding the parties as if the expenses were divided between them. As for the implementation of the arbitrators award, it is only if the arbitration award has reached a certain degree of strength, so that the objection to it does not have an impact on its executive power or its enforcement, and this is with the approval of the judiciary. The role of the observer of the arbitration procedures upon the issuance of the arbitration award, in addition to that he plays an important role through the arbitration procedures from bringing a witness or bringing papers from a government agency, and from that we reach the research point where the judiciary and arbitration are connected through oversight of the arbitration award after its issuance as The judiciary determines the fate of the entire arbitration process, as it can nullify this ruling or make it enforceable</em>


Author(s):  
Maria G. Sinanidou

In the digital era knowledge and information are becoming more and more online accessible. In this perspective, libraries have a vital function in respect of copyright protection and accessibility to knowledge. On the one hand, web services are facilitating flow of information and access to knowledge; on the other hand, Internet moots questions regarding copyrights protection. The main purpose of linking is the creation of the World Wide Web as a thesaurus of knowledge and information. Nevertheless, digitization projects on an international level are already experiencing conversely issues, mainly because of copyright. Purpose of this chapter is to discuss some of these issues deriving from the linking, particularly for digital libraries. What is the relation between the scope of digital libraries on the one hand and of copyright on the other one? What is the role of the various stakeholders, i.e. the libraries and the right holders?


Author(s):  
Marcilio Barenco Correa de Mello

This chapter addresses the right of access to information, reinforced as a fundamental rule for citizens in the Brazilian constitutional norm of 1988, now regulated, more closely, from the enactment of the law on access to information in 2011. It represents an important legislative instrument of reinforcement of the principle of publicity, as well as the main infraconstitutional standard guaranteeing access to information. The requirement of a clear and transparent accountability environment by the public manager is a republican assumption of massive participation by society. This is because the right of access to information of a public nature provides a better control of public expenditures, while allowing, on the other hand, promotion of social control of a diffuse nature. It should be pointed out that, with greater knowledge of their own rights, the citizen goes through a faster inclusion process, either in the subjectivation of a minimal role of rights that he does not know, or in the clarification of his duties as a participant in the process of state maintenance.


Author(s):  
John T. Cumbler

When James Olcott spoke before Connecticut farmers for “anti-stream pollution,” he urged the public to mobilize to stop water pollution by “ignorant or reckless capitalists.” In identifying the “ignorant and reckless capitalists,” Olcott focused the attention of the farmers on industrial waste and the role of manufacturers in their search for profits in causing pollution. Although manufacturers and the courts argued that industrialization brought wealth and prosperity to New England and hence was a general good, Olcott challenged this idea. He saw the issue as a conflict between industrialization and its costs on the one hand and the public good on the other. Concern over industrial pollution and the potential conflict between it and public health had already arisen in Massachusetts. Although the Massachusetts State Board of Health realized that the interests of the “capitalists” and those of the public health officials might be in conflict, in 1872 it hoped that with improved knowledge, “a way will be eventually found to joining them into harmonious relations,” much as Lyman believed science and technology would resolve the conflict between fishers and mill owners. The board's interest in “harmonious relations” also reflected a realization that at least for the last several years, the courts had seen pollution as an inevitable consequence of civilization and had been favorable toward industrialists, especially if no obvious alternative to dumping pollution existed. In 1866, William Merrifield sued Nathan Lombard because Lombard had dumped “Vitriol and other noxious substances” into the stream above Merrifield's factory, “corrupting” the water so badly that it destroyed his boiler. Chief Justice Bigelow ruled that Lombard had invaded Merrifield's rights. “Each riparian owner,” the judge wrote, “has the right to use the water for any reasonable and proper purpose. . . . An injury to the purity or quality of the water to the detriment of the other riparian owners, constitutes in legal effect, a wrong.” In 1872, Merrifield again went to court, claiming the City of Worcester regularly dumped sewage into Mill Brook, by which the waters became greatly corrupted and unfit to use.”


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document