scholarly journals Public Examinations in Romanian Secondary Schools at the End of the 19th Century and the Beginning of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-52
Author(s):  
Ramona Caramelea
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Maximum Expansion ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article offers an historical perspective on examination in public secondary schools at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century – a period of maximum expansion of secondary education. The first part of the article focuses on the institutionalization and formalization of examination practices, while the second one discusses the shaping of the examination as a topic, following the discourses produced by different social actors. In the second half of the 19th century, the school was perceived as an instrument for social mobility based on the meritocratic ideal and as an element of national and state building, being given the role of inoculating a national identity. Within this socio-educational context, secondary schools represent the recruitment pool of the administrative elite and ensure the acquisition of cultural capital necessary for accessing various positions, all these aspects shaping the social functions of exams. The documentary analysis based on archival sources revealed a nuanced social perspective, in which the teaching staff and the parents give new meanings to the concept of examination and design new functions for exams.

Kazania dla młodzieży żydowskiej w Galicji

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Maślak-Maciejewska
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Jewish Students ◽  
Jewish Youth ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Selection Of

The book contains a selection of eighty eight sermons (so-called exhortations) for the Jewish youth, which were written in Galicia at the end of the 19th century and in the first decades of the 20th century. They constituted part of religious education of Jewish students who attended secular primary and secondary schools. The authors of the sermons were teachers such as Natan Szyper, Arnold Friedman or Samuel Wolf Guttman who was the preacher of the progressive synagogue in Lviv.

scholarly journals Research of the History of Inter-Religious Relations in Ukraine in the Kyiv Theological Academy (Second Half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Luidmila Pastushenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the first attempt of a complete and systematic analysis of historic and theological publications of teachers and pupils of the Kyiv Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th – beginning of 20th century in the field of studying the history of relations of Catholicism and Protestantism with Orthodox on the Ukrainian lands. The specifics of Kyiv academic historians studies was determined by the social and-political circumstances in the middle of the 19th century and denoted by an attempt to comprehend this issue in the perspective of the history of interconfessional relations of two Western Christian traditions with the eastern tradition of Orthodoxy in the historical gap of the 16th – 17th centuries – the period of the largest confrontation in confessional relations in Ukraine. The author clarifies the characteristic features of researching the question of inter-confessional interaction in the 15th – 17th centuries, which are expressed in attempts to describe the coexistence of three denominations as multidimensional and provoking а variety of different interpretations. Historical studies present the attempt to show confessional interaction in the political and legal aspects and to provide historical interpretations to the ground of philosophy of history. The article proves the tendency of Kyiv academic researchers to move away from the established Russian historiography of the 19th century view at confessional relations in Ukraine through the prism of hard confrontation and outline in religious life Ukraine conditions and circumstances of inter-confessional dialogue. Also, historians in their studies repeatedly note the significant educational and outlook influence of Western Christian denominations on the formation of educational, cultural, theological, literary traditions in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Grundkonzepte der Pathologie in Deutschland von 1858 bis heute und der Fortschrittsbegriff in der Medizin

Gesnerus ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 247-263
Author(s):  
Cay-Rüdiger Prüll
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Scientific Medicine ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
The 19Th Century

The rise of scientific medicine in the 19th century had its origins mainly in Rudolf Virchows localistic cellular pathology. As a consequence the organism as a complex system was kept in the background. In recognition of this prob-lem, concepts of pathology, emerging in 20th century, tried in vain to establish organismic theories of illness. Pathology remained deeply indebted to Virchows work. Deficits appeared even in 19th century, when treatment of patients was mainly focussed on practicability of cure, ignoring the social background. Therefore, it is not possible to speak about progress of pathology in general, for diagnostics depends also on individual mentality, the subject, and the situation of the time.

scholarly journals Pembentukan Identitas Sosial Komunitas Hadhrami di Batavia Abad XVIII-XX

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Ahmad Athoillah
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Teaching ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper discusses the process of forming identities carried out by the Hadhrami community in Batavia throughout the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The taking of the topic was motivated by the strong social identity of the Hadhrami community in Batavia, especially in religion and economy since the 19th century to the present. The problem of this research is about the form and process of forming Hadhrami social identity from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. To answer these problems, a critical historical method is used by using various historical sources and relevant reference studies.Some of the results obtained from this study are various historical realities, such as the formation of social religious symbols including mosques and religious teaching forum. Some important things are the formation of economic identities such as wholesale trade, shipping businesses and property businesses. In addition, there were also shifting settlements from Hadhrami over the Koja people in Pekojan in the early 19th century, as well as the shift of the Hadhrami to the inland of Batavia in the late 19th century. These various realities ultimately affected various forms and processes of forming the social identity of the Hadhrami community, such as the material aspects, language, behavior, and collective ideas of the Hadhrami community especially at the beginning of the 19th century. Generally the Hadhrami community had transformed themselves and their collective parts into colonial society in Batavia until the beginning of the 20th century.

ON THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIANTS OF THE SERBO-CROATIAN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-116
Author(s):  
Maria A. Egorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Free Communication ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The issue of the status of languages that emerged on the basis of the Serbo-Croatian language after the collapse of Yugoslavia remains relevant until now. The standard Serbo-Croatian language arose in the 19th century as a common language of Serbs, Croats, Bosnians and Montenegrins and existed in two main variants, “western” and “eastern”, from the very outset. These variants were close enough to maintain free communication, and at the same time, each variant had symbolic significance as a marker of the corresponding ethnic group. This article provides an outline of the history of the Serbo-Croatian language from its origin to the collapse of Yugoslavia in the light of two social functions of the language, communicative (language as a means of exchanging information) and symbolic (language as a symbol of national identity).

NOTE ABOUT THE TERM EFFENDIYYA IN THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Eppel
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The term effendiyya (singular: effendi) appears in many articles and books on the social and political history of the Middle East between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Many authors have made use of this term, but very few have paused to discuss its meaning. At least one important scholar, however, raised doubts about its usefulness.

scholarly journals ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΙΚΗ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΗ ΣΤΗ ΡΟΥΜΑΝΙΑ. ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΕΣ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ (1829 - ΑΡΧΕΣ 20ΟΥ ΑΙΩΝΑ). ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΤΙΚΑ - ΣΥΛΛΟΓΟΙ - ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΕΣ. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΙΚΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ Μ. ΚΟΝΤΟΓΕΩΡΓΗΣ
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p>While there exists already a voluminous bibliography on the GreekDiaspora in the Danubian Principalities during the 17th-18th centuries, it wasonly recently that interest was focused on the Greek communities, whichflourished in Romania in the period from the signing of the Andrianople Treatyto the 20th century.</p><p>It was during that era that a great number of Greeks, especially from Epirus,Cephallonia and Ithaca, merchants, sailors, artisans, doctors and intellectualsimmigrated to Wallachia and Moldavia. The majority of them established at theDanubian ports, mainly at Braila and Galatz, and were engaged in the vividcommerce between the principalities and Western Europe.</p><p>Notwithstanding the influential role played by the Greeks in the social andeconomic life of Romania, it was only in the Cuza-Era when the Greekcommunities were officialy founded. Probably the nationalistic state policyurged them to define their legal status more explicitly. Moreover, in the secondhalf of the 19th century a great number of churches was built and many schoolswere organized, some subsided by the community authorities, other bybenefactory associations. Furthermore, the fierce antagonism among Greeks,Jews, Austrian and English shipowners did not impede the development of themarine and riverine fleet of the Greek shipowners, while a substantial numberof banks and factories were also owned by members of the communities.</p><p>In the second part of this study are presented the results of our researchmission in various Romanian cities. The aim of our mission was to locatearchival fonds and collections referring to the economic, social, institutional andpolitical history of the Greek Diaspora in Romania. Important collections arebequeathed in the Archives of Bucharest, Galatz and Constantza, while in theArchives of Giurgiu, Tulcea and Craiova the material was less satisfactory.</p>

scholarly journals Życie po życiu wiktoriańskiej techniki. Trąbki słuchowe w XX i XXI wieku

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-173
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zdrodowska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Deaf People ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Cultural Domain ◽  
The 19Th Century

Victorian ear trumpets in XX and XXI century Throughout the 19th century ear trumpets became the most popular and in fact the only technical solution for deaf people. They merged with the behavior regarded as typical for the deaf such as misinterpretations and communicational loss, therefore ear trumpets turned into a social stigma. They became objects that were bashfully hidden by users. In the 20th century however ear trumpets’image as well as functions changed as they were substituted with modern, electric and later electronic hearing prostheses. Once ear trumpets became antiquated their place in the technological landscape have changed. They did not vanish but relocated within the social and cultural domain. Article is based on: object oriented analysis of ear trumpets, interview with the ear trumpet collector, discourse analysis of the ear trumpet advertisements documents from British National Archives and The Thackray Museum in Leeds.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Population Density and Pressure on Sustainable Cropland Use in Shandong Province in China during the 17th-20th Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ye ◽  
Xueqiong Wei ◽  
Xiuqi Fang ◽  
Yikai Li
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
Pressure Index ◽  
The Social ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The 19Th Century

Cropland area per capita and pressure index on cropland is the important parameters measuring the social vulnerability and sustainability in the perspective of food security in a certain region in China during the historical periods. This study reconstructs the spatial distribution change of cropland area per labor/household and pressure index on cropland during the 17th-20th century by the methods of historical documents, regression analysis, pressure index model and GIS. Then it analyzed the impacting process of climate change and sustainability of cropland use during the different periods. It draws conclusions: (i) the spatial difference of labor/household density was obvious which had the same pattern as cropland distribution during the same periods, which is higher density in three agricultural areas. (ii) Cropland area per capita was relatively higher during the 17th-18th century, which were above 0.4 ha/person in majority counties and distributed homogenously. Till the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, cropland area per capita in large amount of regions decreased below 0.2 ha/person embodying the increase of social vulnerability and unsustainability at that time. (iii) Pressure index on cropland also showed the similar spatial pattern as cropland area per capita which presented lower threshold than nowadays. During the 17th-18th century there was no pressure on cropland. While, in the 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century, two high value centers of pressure index on cropland appeared in Middle Shandong and the Jiaodong region, pressure on sustainable cropland use increased obviously and a food crisis is probably created. (iv) Higher sustainable extent of cropland use corresponds to cold period, and lower sustainable extent of cropland use corresponds to warm period in Shandong over the past 300 years. The turning point of 1680s from dry to wet attributes to the decrease of sustainable extent of cropland use in Shandong not very distinctively. More and more pressure on sustainability of cropland use finally since the beginning of 20th century would intensify the social conflict and increase the probability of social revolts.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

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