scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH TINGKAT KEBISINGAN PADA STASIUN STERILIZER TERHADAP KUALITAS TIDUR OPERATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-191
Author(s):  
Faradila Ananda Yul ◽  
Dedi Dermawan ◽  
Fira Putri Aldiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Cross Sectional

Palm Oil Mill PT. Surya Intisari Raya, Sei Lukut is a plantation company engaged in the commodity palm oil FFB (Fresh Fruit Bunches), with output in the form of CPO (Crude Palm Oil) and Palm Kernel (PK). There are 13 processing stations at PKS that have high noise levels, one of which is a sterilizer station which can disrupt operator psychology, namely Sleep Disturbance. In the field survey, it was found that operators experienced concentration problems such as drowsiness, and not all of them used ear protection in the form of earplugs/earmuffs. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the noise level at the sterilizer station and to analyze its effect on the operator's sleep quality using an observational analytic cross-sectional approach. Noise in the workplace was measured using a sound level meter and the sleep quality of workers was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Based on the results of noise level measurements, 4 processes have noise above the Threshold Limit Value, namely Deaeration of 89.824 dB, Containment of 92.548 dB, Peak BlowDown by 2 of 96.45 dB, and Final of 102.77 dB. Based on the results of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, 100% of Morning Shift and Night Shift workers have poor sleep quality. To overcome this problem, several suggestions were made, namely to carry out periodic health checks for operators, ensure that operators who are exposed to noise always wear an earplug/earmuff, and minimize exposure to noise above the NAB to operators by keeping noise points away from the operator's premises.

scholarly journals Association of the Pattern and Quality of Sleep with Consumption of Stimulant Beverages, Cigarette and Alcohol among Medical Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-385
Author(s):  
Sunil Bogati ◽  
Tulika Singh ◽  
Sagar Paudel ◽  
Baikuntha Adhikari ◽  
Dharanidhar Baral
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sleep Parameters

Background: Sleep is important in maintenance of proper functioning of both mental and physical functions of human body. Studies have shown there is impact on the sleep parameters with the use of caffeine, cigarette and alcohol. As there is little availability of similar studies here in Nepal, we made an attempt to know the relation of consumption of such substances with the sleep quality and sleep parameters as per Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale.  Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate students at BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan. Students were asked to complete a self- administered questionnaire to give information about demographic variables and habit of consumption of caffeinated beverages, cigarette and alcohol. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was utilized after the permission from authority to evaluate sleep quality. Results: Out of 350, almost half of the students (44.6%) had poor sleep quality. 40.8% students reported sleeping six hours or less per night and 10.1% used medications to sleep. 96% reported consuming caffeinated beverages, 20% consumed cigarettes and 38.3% consumed alcoholic beverages. There was significant association of poor sleep quality with the increased consumption caffeine, cigarette and alcohol (p<0.05). Conclusions: Poor sleep is prevalent among the undergraduate students of B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and the consumption of caffeine, cigarette and alcohol is associated with increment in poor sleep quality among them. Keywords: Caffeinated beverages; pittsburgh sleep quality index

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ADIKSI GAME ONLINE DENGAN KUALITAS TIDUR PADA ANAK DI SMP TERATAI PUTIH GLOBAL BEKASI TAHUN 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Khadijah Ratna Widiyani ◽  
Fereza Amelia ◽  
Aulia Chairani
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Game Addiction

Technology advancement that wasn’t dealt with wisely could lead to some problems, one of the exampel is online game addiction, a global sensation that spread through even to Indonesia. There are 4,388 millions of internet user all over the world, with a penetration of 57%, and 30% of them use the internet to play games online, with the prevalention of internet addiction in teenagers higher in Asian countries rather than in America or Europe. One of the symptoms of online game addiction is spanding and wasting too much time in playing online games resulting in lack of sleep and poor sleep quality that could hinder daily function. This study was done to determine the association between online game addiction and sleep quality of children at SMP Teratai Putih Global Bekasi. This is an observational analytic study with cross-sectional design using validated Indonesian Online Game Addiction Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. There are a total of 51 samples in the study, the sampling was done with stratified random sampling. The result of the bivariate analysis in this study is that there is a significant association between online game addiction and sleep quality (p = 0,001, CI = 95%) of children at SMP Teratai Putih Global Bekasi 2020. Only a few research have been conducted on the association between online game addiction and sleep quality, there’s not enough scientific explanation on the phenomenon, so further research is needed. Keywords: online game addiction, children, sleep quality, SMP AbstrakPerkembangan teknologi yang kurang bijak menimbulkan beberapa masalah, salah satu contoh masalah yang muncul adalah adiksi game online yang telah menjadi hiburan global termasuk di Indonesia. Terdapat 4,388 juta pengguna internet di seluruh dunia dengan penetrasi sebesar 57%, dan sebanyak 30% dari jumlah tersebut bermain game secara online, dengan prevalensi adiksi internet pada remaja lebih tinggi di Asia dibandingkan Amerika atau Eropa. Salah satu bentuk gejala dari adiksi game adalah menghabiskan waktu untuk bermain game online yang membuat penderita kekurangan jam tidur sehingga dapat membuat kualitas tidur penderita adiksi menjadi buruk dan menggganggu fungsi kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menilai hubungan antara adiksi game online tersebut dengan kualitas tidur pada anak di SMP Teratai Putih Global Bekasi. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik observasional dengan desain cross-sectional menggunakan kuesioner Indonesian Online Game Addiction dan Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index yang telah tervalidasi. Pengambilan sampel sebanyak 51 responden dilakukan secara stratified random sampling. Hasil analisis bivariat penelitian mengatakan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara adiksi game online dengan kualitas tidur (p = 0,001, CI = 95%) pada anak di SMP Teratai Putih Global Bekasi Tahun 2020. Penelitian tentang hubungan adiksi game online dan kualitas tidur masih sangatlah sedikit, belum terdapat penjelasan ilmiah yang lengkap terkait fenomena ini, sehingga dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut.

scholarly journals Premenstrual Syndrome as a Sleep Disturbing Factor: A Cross-Sectional Study

Acta Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Övsen Önay ◽  
Canset Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Coffee Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: To evaluate the lifestyle factors possibly related with premenstrual syndrome which were body mass index, coffee intake, smoking, regular physical exercise, and alcohol consumption, and investigate the impact of these lifestyle factors and premenstrual syndrome on sleep quality. Methods and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 265 participants, and all applied Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Premenstrual Syndrome Scale questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among the participants was 57% (n:150). Participants with premenstrual syndrome had shorter total sleep time (p:0.001). Also, they needed longer time to fall asleep (p:0.001). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores of the participants with premenstrual syndrome were higher than those without premenstrual syndorme (p<0.001), indicating poor sleep quality. It was observed that the participants with premenstrual syndrome had more coffee intake (p:0.040) and more regular physical activity (p:0.009), which were risk factors of premenstrual syndrome. premenstrual syndrome positivity was associated with increased poor sleep quality in both univariate and multivariate analyses (OR:5.93 95% CI: 3.46-10.15, p<0.001; OR:5.61 95% CI: 3.19-9.88, p<0.001, respectively). The remaining variables, which were risk factors of premenstrual syndrome, didn’t have any statistically significant association with sleep quality. Conclusion: The important relation between premenstrual syndrome and sleep quality is highlighted. Relief of premenstrual syndrome complaints may lead to better sleep quality and enhancement of quality of life for a woman.

scholarly journals Association Between Modified Nordic Diet With Sleep Quality and Circadian Rhythm in Overweight and Obese Woman: A Cross Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ahmad mousavi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Farideh Shiraseb ◽  
Khadijeh Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nordic Diet

Abstract ObjectivePrevious studies have shown the association between diet quality and sleep quality. the objective of this study was to observe the association between modified Nordic diet with sleep quality and circadian rhythm in overweight and obese woman.MethodsWe enrolled 399 overweight and obese women (body mass index (BMI): 25-40 kg/m2) aged 18-48 years in cross-sectional study. For each participant anthropometric measurements, biochemical test and food intake were evaluated. Sleep quality and circadian rhythm was measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Morning Evening Questionnaire (MEQ) questionnaire. Modified Nordic diet score was measured using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).ResultsAmong all participants, Overall, 51.7% of the subjects were good sleepers (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) < 5) while 48.3% were poor sleepers (PSQI ≥ 5). Moreover, participants were divided into 5 groups of MEQ namely, completely morning 8(2.4%), rarely morning 82(24.8%), normal 196(59.2%), rarely evening 43(13%), completely evening 2(0.6%). After controlling for confounder there was a significant association between the poor sleep quality and modified Nordic diet (OR=0.80, %95 CI=0.66-0.98, P=0.01). Moreover, a significant positive association was observed between the completely morning and modified Nordic diet (OR=1.80, %95 CI=0.54-6.00, P=0.03) and also a significant reverse association was observed between completely evening type and modified Nordic diet (OR=0.16, %95 CI=0.002-5.41, P=0.02).ConclusionsThe present study indicate that higher adherence to a modified Nordic diet decreases poor sleep quality. Also, the completely morning type associated with higher adherence to a modified Nordic diet and completely evening type associated with lower adherence to a modified Nordic diet.Levels of EvidenceLevel IV, evidence obtained from with multiple time series analysis.

scholarly journals Association Between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Resident Physicians

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Chang ◽  
Yang Xia ◽  
Song Bai ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Yashu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Resident Physicians ◽  
Before And After

Background: Previous studies have suggested that sleep quality is associated with depressive symptoms. However, associations between overall sleep quality and depressive symptoms in Chinese resident physicians remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether overall sleep quality is associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese resident physicians.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,230 resident physicians. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the associations between the PSQI and PHQ-9.Results: Among all participants, the prevalence of mild (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) and moderate or severe (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) depressive symptoms were 48.28 and 12.93%, respectively. PSQI score was positively associated with PHQ-9 score before and after adjustments of socio-demographic, behavioral, and psychologic confounding factors (all P &lt; 0.0001). After adjustments, the regression coefficients (standard error) between PSQI scores and PHQ-9 scores were 0.95 (0.04), 0.88 (0.09), and 0.96 (0.05) in all participants, men, and women, respectively. Compared to physicians with good sleep quality (PSQI scores ≤ 5), the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for mild (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) and moderate or severe (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) depressive symptoms in physicians with poor sleep quality were 7.15 (5.44, 9.46) and 6.17 (4.03, 9.71) in all participants, respectively.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that poor sleep quality was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in Chinese resident physicians.

scholarly journals SLEEP QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1104-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Renata Silva Andrechuk ◽  
Maria Filomena Ceolim
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Improve Sleep Quality

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe sleep quality and to identify associated factors in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 113 patients (70.8% men, mean age 59.7 years). An instrument was used for sociodemographic and clinical characterization and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results showed that 71.7% of participants had poor sleep quality and over 64% slept six hours or less per night. The presence of diabetes mellitus, depression, and absence of physical activity contributed to increase the final score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in about 2.5 points for each variable. The identification of sleep quality and proposals of interventions to improve sleep quality must be included in the actions of nurses in order to reduce harm to patients' health before and after the acute myocardial infarction episode.

scholarly journals Regular Practice of Competitive Sports Does Not Impair Sleep in Adolescents: DADOS Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Reyes Beltran-Valls ◽  
Enrique García Artero ◽  
Ana Capdevila-Seder ◽  
Alejandro Legaz-Arrese ◽  
Mireia Adelantado-Renau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sport Practice ◽  
Sport Events

Purpose:To analyze differences in sleep quality and duration by athletic status and sex, and to examine the association between physical activity (PA) recommendation and sleep in adolescents.Methods:A total of 267 adolescents [13.9 (0.3) y] from Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud (DADOS) study (129 girls) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Athletes competed regularly in organized sport events and trained ≥3 days per week, but nonathletes did not compete. PA was assessed by GENEActiv accelerometer. PA values were dichotomized into inactive (<60 min/d of moderate and vigorous PA) and active (≥60 min/d of moderate and vigorous PA). Sleep quality was evaluated with the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index values were dichotomized into >5 (poor quality) or ≤5 (good quality). Sleep duration was objectively measured by accelerometer.Results:Sleep quality and duration were not statistically different between athletes [median (Mdn) = 4.0, interquartile range (IQR) = 3.0–6.0 and Mdn = 8.0, IQR = 7.4–8.6 h, respectively] and nonathletes (Mdn = 5.0, IQR = 3.0–7.0 and Mdn = 7.9; IQR = 7.3–8.6 h, respectively), P > .05. Nonathlete or inactive adolescents did not show higher risk for poor sleep quality or short sleep duration than athletes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.68–2.00 and OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.56–1.55, respectively] or active peers (OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 0.66–2.89 and OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 0.78–3.37, respectively).Conclusions:In our group of adolescents, competitive sport practice did not alter sleep patterns. PA recommendations for adolescents may not discriminate between good and poor sleepers.

scholarly journals Hubungan Kualitas Tidur dengan Kapasitas Memori Kerja Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas Islam Terpadu Iqra’ Kota Bengkulu Tahun 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Nina Tabligha ◽  
Andri Sudjatmoko ◽  
Dessy Triana
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Reading Span ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Span Test

Latar Belakang: Tidur merupakan kebutuhan fisiologis dasar bagi setiap individu yang  dapat memengaruhi kualitas serta keseimbangan hidup. Tidur memiliki fungsi salah satunya yaitu berpengaruh ke sistem saraf sehingga bisa berdampak terhadap memori dan kemampuan belajar. Tuntutan sekolah, kegiatan sosial setelah sekolah dan gaya hidup dapat menyita waktu tidur. Di Sumatera Utara, dari 287 pelajar dilaporkan 220 pelajar yang mengalami kualitas tidur yang buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan kualitas tidur dengan kapasitas memori kerja pada siswa SMA.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan di SMAIT Iqra’ Kota Bengkulu pada bulan Agustus 2018. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan berdasarkan simple random sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian untuk menilai kualitas tidur yaitu kuesioner Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, sedangkan pengukuran kapasitas memori kerja menggunakan reading span test. Korelasi antara kedua variabel tersebut akan dianalisis mengggunakan uji Spearman.Hasil: Total sampel penelitian yang dianalisis adalah 53 siswa, 18 siswa (34%) memiliki kualitas tidur yang baik dan 35 siswa (66%) memiliki kualitas tidur buruk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang bermakna antara kualitas tidur dengan kapasitas memori kerja dengan nilai p = 0,042, r = 0,281.Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara kualitas tidur dengan kapasitas memori kerja pada siswa SMAIT Iqra’ Kota Bengkulu.KataKunci: kualitas tidur, kapasitas memori kerja, siswa sekolah menengah atas.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Musik terhadap Kualitas Tidur pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syela C Akasian ◽  
Flora Rumiati ◽  
William William
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

Musik merupakan suatu alunan nada yang bisa dinikmati, umumnya digunakan untuk menghilangkan rasa penat atau stres seseorang. Secara ilmiah musik juga dapat berpengaruh untuk meningkatkan kualitas tidur terutama pada lansia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adakah pengaruh musik terhadap kualitas tidur pada usia dewasa muda khususnya mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran yang biasanya memiliki kualitas tidur buruk. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan teknik simple random sampling. Subjek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Ukrida angkatan 2018 sebanyak 96 mahasiswa. Pembagian kuesioner Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) dan kuesioner tambahan untuk melihat kebiasaan mendengarkan musik pada mahasiswa dilakukan secara serentak saat proses perkuliahan.  Sebagian besar mahasiswa  memiliki kualitas tidur yang buruk yaitu 88 (91,7%) mahasiswa. Tiga dari  48  mahasiswa yang memiliki kebiasaan mendengarkan musik sebelum tidur  memiliki kualitas tidur baik. Lima dari delapan mahasiswa yang memiliki kualitas tidur baik  tidak memiliki kebiasaan mendengarkan musik sebelum tidur. Hasil uji chi square menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan antara kebiasaan mendengarkan musik dan kualitas tidur mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Ukrida (p  0,714). 

scholarly journals Hubungan tingkat kecemasan dengan kualitas tidur pada ibu hamil irimester III di Socokangsi Jatinom Klaten

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Piscolia Dynamurti Wintoro ◽  
Wiwin Rohmawati ◽  
Ana Sulistyowati
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hamilton Rating Scale

Latar Belakang: Seorang ibu hamil biasa mengalami kecemasan. Pada TM III kecemasan disebabkan oleh kekhawatiran menghadapi persalinan dan apakah bayinya lahir normal atau cacat. Kecemasan meningkatkan kadar norepinefrin dalam darah melalui stimulasi sistem saraf simpatis. Perubahan kimia ini menyebabkan kurangnya waktu tidur tahap IV NREM dan tidur REM serta lebih banyak perubahan dalam tahap tidur lain dan lebih sering terbangun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat kecemasan dengan kualitas tidur pada ibu hamil trimester III di BPM Siti Sujalmi Socokangsi Jatinom. Metode: Desain penelitian deskriptif korelasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian ini ibu hamil trimester III di BPM Siti Sujalmi Socokangsi Jatinom, sebanyak 40 responden dengan teknik total sampling. Alat pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner Hamilton Rating Scale For Anxiety (HRS-A) untuk mengukur tingkat kecemasan dan Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) untuk mengukur kualitas tidur. Analisis data yang digunakan chi square. Hasil : Penelitian ini menunjukkan ada hubungan tingkat kecemasan dengan kualitas tidur pada ibu hamil trimester III di BPM Siti Sujalmi Socokangsi dengan P value sebesar 0,021. Simpulan : Ibu hamil trimester III dapat memperbaiki kualitas tidur dengan mengurangi aktivitas dan istirahat yang cukup, perasaan cemas dengan cara relaksasi, senam ibu hamil, dan yoga.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document