From small-scale multilingualism to “the big shift” to Tundra Nenets: linguistic ideologies and language shift dynamics in Tukhard Tundra and the Lower Yenisei area (20th ― the beginning of the 21st century)

‘Language shift’ is the process whereby members of a community in which more than one language is spoken abandon their original vernacular language in favour of another. The historical shifts to English by Celtic language speakers of Britain and Ireland are particularly well-studied examples for which good census data exist for the most recent 100–120 years in many areas where Celtic languages were once the prevailing vernaculars. We model the dynamics of language shift as a competition process in which the numbers of speakers of each language (both monolingual and bilingual) vary as a function both of internal recruitment (as the net outcome of birth, death, immigration and emigration rates of native speakers), and of gains and losses owing to language shift. We examine two models: a basic model in which bilingualism is simply the transitional state for households moving between alternative monolingual states, and a diglossia model in which there is an additional demand for the endangered language as the preferred medium of communication in some restricted sociolinguistic domain, superimposed on the basic shift dynamics. Fitting our models to census data, we successfully reproduce the demographic trajectories of both languages over the past century. We estimate the rates of recruitment of new Scottish Gaelic speakers that would be required each year (for instance, through school education) to counteract the ‘natural wastage’ as households with one or more Gaelic speakers fail to transmit the language to the next generation informally, for different rates of loss during informal intergenerational transmission.

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“Maybe English first and then Balinese and Bahasa Indonesia”: A case of language shift, attrition, and preference

Indonesian JELT ◽

10.25170/ijelt.v11i1.1491 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 81-99

Author(s):

Siana Linda Bonafix ◽

Christine Manara

Keyword(s):

Family Background ◽

Language Shift ◽

Socioeconomic Factor ◽

Small Scale ◽

Linguistic Identity ◽

Self Identity ◽

Frequency Of Contact ◽

The Family ◽

Identity Based ◽

Depth Interviews

This small-scale qualitative study aims to explore the participants’ view of languages acquired, learned, and used in their family in an Indonesian context. The two participants were Indonesians who came from multilingual and mixed-cultural family background. The study explores three research questions: 1) What are the languages acquired (by the participants’ family members), co-existed, and/or shift in the family of the two speakers? 2) What factors affect the dynamicity of these languages? 3) How do the participants perceive their self-identity? The qualitative data were collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed to be analyzed using thematic analysis. The study detects local language shift to Indonesian from one generation to the next in the participants’ family. The data also shows several factors for valorizing particular languages than the others. These factors include socioeconomic factor, education, frequency of contact, areas of upbringing (rural or urban) and attitude towards the language. The study also reveals that both participants identify their self-identity based on the place where they were born and grew up instead of their linguistic identity.

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21st century ocean forcing of the Greenland Ice Sheet for modeling of sea level contribution

10.5194/tc-2019-222 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Donald A. Slater ◽

Denis Felikson ◽

Fiamma Straneo ◽

Heiko Goelzer ◽

Christopher M. Little ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

21St Century ◽

General Circulation ◽

Ice Sheet ◽

Greenland Ice Sheet ◽

General Circulation Models ◽

Glacier Retreat ◽

Small Scale ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Continental Scale

Abstract. Changes in the ocean are expected to be an important determinant of the Greenland Ice Sheet's future sea level contribution. Yet representing these changes in continental-scale ice sheet models remains challenging due to the small scale of the key physics, and limitations in processing understanding. Here we present the ocean forcing strategy for Greenland Ice Sheet models taking part in the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6), the primary community effort to provide 21st century sea level projections for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6th Assessment Report. Beginning from global atmosphere-ocean general circulation models, we describe two complementary approaches to provide ocean boundary conditions for Greenland Ice Sheet models, termed the retreat and submarine melt implementations. The retreat implementation parameterizes glacier retreat as a function of projected submarine melting, is designed to be implementable by all ice sheet models, and results in retreat of around 1 and 15 km by 2100 in RCP2.6 and 8.5 scenarios respectively. The submarine melt implementation provides estimated submarine melting only, leaving the ice sheet model to solve for the resulting calving and glacier retreat, and suggests submarine melt rates will change little under RCP2.6 but will approximately triple by 2100 under RCP8.5. Both implementations have necessarily made use of simplifying assumptions and poorly-constrained parameterisations and as such, further research on submarine melting, calving and fjord-shelf exchange should remain a priority. Nevertheless, the presented framework will allow an ensemble of Greenland Ice Sheet models to be systematically and consistently forced by the ocean for the first time, and should therefore result in a significant improvement in projections of the Greenland ice sheet's contribution to future sea level change.

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Role of volcanic forcing on future global carbon cycle

Earth System Dynamics Discussions ◽

10.5194/esdd-2-133-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 133-159

Author(s):

J. F. Tjiputra ◽

O. H. Otterå

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Cycle ◽

21St Century ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Small Scale ◽

Carbon Uptake ◽

Carbon Cycle Model ◽

Large Volcanic Eruptions

Abstract. Using a fully coupled global climate-carbon cycle model, we assess the potential role of volcanic eruptions on future projection of climate change and its associated carbon cycle feedback. The volcanic-like forcings are applied together with business-as-usual IPCC-A2 carbon emissions scenario. We show that very large volcanic eruptions similar to Tambora lead to short-term substantial global cooling. However, over a long period, smaller but more frequent eruptions, such as Pinatubo, would have a stronger impact on future climate change. In a scenario where the volcanic external forcings are prescribed with a five-year frequency, the induced cooling immediately lower the global temperature by more than one degree before return to the warming trend. Therefore, the climate change is approximately delayed by several decades and by the end of the 21st century, the warming is still below two degrees when compared to the present day period. The cooler climate reduces the terrestrial heterotrophic respiration in the northern high latitude and increases net primary production in the tropics, which contributes to more than 45% increase in accumulated carbon uptake over land. The increased solubility of CO2 gas in seawater associated with cooler SST is offset by reduced CO2 partial pressure gradient between ocean and atmosphere, which results in small changes in net ocean carbon uptake. Similarly, there is nearly no change in the seawater buffer capacity simulated between the different volcanic scenarios. Our study shows that even in the relatively extreme scenario where large volcanic eruptions occur every five-years period, the induced cooling only leads to a reduction of 46 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration as compared to the reference projection of 878 ppmv, at the end of the 21st century. With respect to sulphur injection geoengineering method, our study suggest that small scale but frequent mitigation is more efficient than the opposite. Moreover, the longer we delay, the more difficult it would be to counteract climate change.

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The history of gambling regulation and the rise of the industry

Setting Limits ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198817321.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 11-22

Author(s):

Pekka Sulkunen ◽

Thomas F. Babor ◽

Jenny Cisneros Örnberg ◽

Michael Egerer ◽

Matilda Hellman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

21St Century ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Local Communities ◽

Christian Faith ◽

Small Scale ◽

Moral Reasons ◽

Global Industry ◽

Gambling Regulation ◽

The World ◽

History Of

From its ancient origins in small-scale gaming sites in local communities, gambling in the 21st century has become a global industry and an increasingly standardized pastime across the world. The growth started in the early the 20th century, and accelerated in the past few decades. The history of gambling is a history of regulation. Gambling has always been controlled by political powers and still is in both democratic and non-democratic countries. Islamic and communist regimes have been most negative for moral reasons. Countries dominated by Protestant Christian faith have been critical, because of the value they have placed on work and honesty, even when they have not seen prosperity as a sin. Since the 1980s gambling has been de-regulated in many countries, with the justification that gambling is legitimate economic activity and problem gambling should be the policy target.

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Methodological approaches and practical mapping experience for the "Atlas of the Tyumen region heritage"

Heritage and Modern Times ◽

10.52883/2619-0214-2021-4-1-110-124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 110-124

Author(s):

A. Paramonova

Keyword(s):

21St Century ◽

Large Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Thematic Maps ◽

The South ◽

Natural Heritage ◽

Additional Information ◽

Urban Settlements ◽

Methodological Approaches

The article considers the task of creating of the Atlas of the Tyumen Region Heritage as a fundamental publication, summarizing the results of cultural and natural heritage of the region studies by the beginning of the 21st century. The goals for such a cartographic creation are formulated, and the first samples of the created maps are demonstrated: overview small-scale thematic maps throughout the south of the Tyumen region and regional large-scale maps for municipal districts and urban settlements. The structure of the Atlas of the Tyumen Region Heritage was proposed and an approximate list of maps and additional information material included in it, was compiled.

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Developing STEM-based TGT learning model to improve students' process skills

Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia ◽

10.22219/jpbi.v6i3.12249 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Faizah Firdaus ◽

Wachju Subchan ◽

Erlia Narulita

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

21St Century ◽

Large Scale ◽

Learning Model ◽

Small Scale ◽

Process Skills ◽

Learning Models ◽

Science Process Skills ◽

Team Games ◽

Large Scale Tests

Strengthening STEM-oriented learning is necessary for 21st century, so the development of appropriate learning models must be carried out. The aimed to of this study were analized validity, effectiveness, and practicality of STEM-based Team Games and Tournament (TGT) learning model towards the students' science process skills. This research was research and development (R&D) with a 4-D development namely; Defining, Designing, Developing, and Disseminating. The study involved 2 experts as validators, 2 teachers as user, and 112 students in small-scale tests, large-scale tests, and distribution tests in SMA. The research was done until the stage of disseminating and produced. The results showed the validity value of 83% was categorized as very valid, the effectiveness score of 83.9% was categorized as good, and the practicality score was 87.5%, so that it was declared valid, effective, and practical to improve the science process skills. Therefore, it is recommended to be applied in schools.

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Language Shift and Local Choice: On Practicing Linguistics in the 21st Century

Practicing Anthropology ◽

10.17730/praa.21.2.x866p6l648642087 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 23-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Patricia Kwatchka

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

21St Century ◽

North American ◽

Language Shift ◽

Endangered Languages ◽

Working Relationship ◽

Native North American ◽

Community Issues

Concern for endangered languages draws together two communities who have long been associated with each other, Native North American groups and linguists. The desire to maintain these languages, however, creates the need for a new working relationship between the two communities. This discussion formulates, first, some of the issues internal to Native American communities in their efforts to perpetuate their languages, and secondly, some of the steps that we, as linguists, can take to make our profession more responsive to these community issues.

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Projected Impacts of Climate Change on the Physical and Biogeochemical Environment in Southeast Asian Seas

10.21203/rs.3.rs-552834/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Susan Kay ◽

Arlene L. Avillanosa ◽

Victoria V. Cheung ◽

Ngoc Hung Dao ◽

Benjamin J. Gonzales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Environmental Change ◽

21St Century ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Coastal Communities ◽

Small Scale ◽

Biogeochemical Model ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Natural Systems ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract The seas of Southeast Asia are home to some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems and resources that support the livelihoods and wellbeing of millions of people. Climate change will bring temperature changes, acidification and other environmental change, with uncertain consequences for human and natural systems in the region. We present the first regional-scale projections of change in the marine environment up to the end of 21st century. A coupled physical-biogeochemical model with a resolution of 0.1° (approximately 11 km) was used to create projections of future environmental conditions under two greenhouse gas scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. These show a sea that is warming by 1.1–2.9°C through the 21st century, with surface pH falling by up to 0.02 and dissolved oxygen decreasing by 5 to 13 mmol m− 3. Changes for different parts of the region, including four sensitive coastal sites, are presented. The changes reach all parts of the water column and many places are projected to experience conditions well outside the range seen at the start of the century. Altered species distribution and damage to coral reefs resulting from this environmental change would have consequences for biodiversity, for the livelihoods of small-scale fishers and for the food security of coastal communities across the region. Projections of this type are a key tool for communities planning how they will adapt to the challenge of climate change.

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Medium request: Talking language shift into being

Language in Society ◽

10.1017/s0047404510000047 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 241-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Joseph Gafaranga

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Language Maintenance ◽

Language Shift ◽

Small Scale ◽

Face To Face

AbstractIn his landmark contribution to the field of language shift/maintenance, Fishman maintains that, for language shift to be reversed, “face-to-face, small-scale social life must be pursued in their own right and focused upon directly.” This article responds to this call to examine language shift at the level of face-to-face interaction. It describes a specific interactional practice, referred to as “medium request,” observed in the Rwandan community in Belgium, where language shift is taking place from Kinyarwanda-French bilingualism to French monolingualism. The practice consists in the fact that younger members of the community, when in interaction with adult members, constantly (albeit indirectly) request the latter to “medium-switch” from Kinyarwanda to French. The article therefore describes the practice as a specific type of language/medium negotiation, examines its various strategies, and shows how, through this interactional practice, members of the community actually talk language shift into being. (Medium request, language shift, language maintenance, language/medium negotiation, other-initiated medium repair, embedded medium repair, generalized content repair, targeted content repair, understanding check)

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