scholarly journals Potential of Steam Recovery from Excess Steam in Sterilizer at Palm Oil Mill

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Yoganathan Palaniandy ◽  
Nor Mariah Adam ◽  
Yiu Pang Hung ◽  
Fatin Hana Naning
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Boiler Fuel ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Process Plant ◽  
Steam Ejector ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
The Cost

Energy saving is something that being focus deeply either larger or smaller industry in this current era especially steam and electricity. In a crude palm oil mill, tons of fibers and woods are used for burning process as a boiler fuel to generate steam. As steam is good heat transfer medium, it is use for the regular process of heating the product or materials by direct and batch heating to raise the temperature in order to change the characteristic. In typical palm oil mill, every 1000kg of fresh fruits bunches (FFB) required 250kg of steam energy for the sterilization process. It is not surprising that the exhaust lost that release to the atmosphere from the total steam usage is about 70%, which can conclude as energy waste. By referring to this issue, the cost of replace consumable boiler fuel increase tremendously. Besides that, the huge amount of heat release caused the thermal pollution that may have significant effects in the ecological balance and lead to changes in the aquatic fauna and flora. This paper reviews and critically discusses the waste of steam energy and the morphology involved in excess steam from sterilizer. The system that combined with few steps of steam recovery were developed to recovery the low-pressure steam to form the mid-pressure steam that can able to reuse at the process plant. The steam ejector technology is use in this research to recover and reuse the excess steam leading to lower energy consumption and fuel costs. The overall idea is about combining the low-pressure excess steam with high-pressure steam that directly supply from back pressure receiver to form the mid-pressure steam. The Ansys software used as to identify the change of parameter of excess steam and through the software, the percentage of motive steam needed to combine with excess steam finalized. Via recovery and reuse the excess steam from sterilizer, the total energy consumption will be minimized at least 20% which can able to reduce the massive expenses for boiler fuel that benefit the palm oil mill owners.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT RETROFIT POTENTIAL FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 03-17
Author(s):  
Gazal Dandia ◽  
◽  
Pratheek Sudhakaran ◽  
Chaitali Basu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: High energy consumption by buildings is a great threat to the environment and one of the major causes of climate change. With a population of 1.4 billion people and one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, India is extremely vital for the future of global energy markets. The energy demand for construction activities continues to rise and it is responsible for over one-third of global final energy consumption. Currently, buildings in India account for 35% of total energy consumption and the value is growing by 8% annually. Around 11% of total energy consumption are attributed to the commercial sector. Energy-efficient retrofitting of the built environments created in recent decades is a pressing urban challenge. Presently, most energy-efficient retrofit projects focus mainly on the engineering aspects. In this paper, we evaluate various retrofitting options, such as passive architectural interventions, active technological interventions, or a combination of both, to create the optimum result for the selected building. Methods: Based on a literature study and case examples, we identified various energy-efficient retrofit measures, and then examined and evaluated those as applied to the case study of Awas Bhawan (Rajasthan Housing Board Headquarters), Jaipur, India. For the evaluation, we developed a simulation model using EQuest for each energy measure and calculated the resultant energy savings. Then, based on the cost of implementation and the cost of energy saved, we calculated the payback period. Finally, an optimum retrofit solution was formulated with account for the payback period and ease of installation. Results and discussion: The detailed analysis of various energy-efficient retrofit measures as applied to the case study indicates that the most feasible options for retrofit resulting in optimum energy savings with short payback periods include passive architecture measures and equipment upgrades.

Daylight Factor for Energy Saving in Retrofitting Institutional Building

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 1630-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozana Zakaria ◽  
Armin Amirazar ◽  
Mushairry Mustaffar ◽  
Rosli Mohammad Zin ◽  
Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Lighting Retrofit ◽  
The Cost

In Malaysia, lighting is the second electric power consumption after air conditioning and it is increasing every year. Most of the lighting design standard for building in Malaysia is based on MS1525, and this being taken without further measure on daylight consideration. Movement from inefficient and unsustainable energy practice to more energy efficient initiatives is vital for building. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia as one of the major institutional building is consuming 9 to 16 million kWh per year. Thus, about 20% of energy consumed was from artificial lighting. This paper aim to highlights the cost benefit study of lighting retrofit, which integrates the utilization of daylight into existing building. Data for this study was obtained through illumination in-situ measurement on two types of artificial lighting with the inclusive of day lighting before and after lighting retrofit. The measurement was conducted in a typical building in Block C09 of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Annual saving and payback period were analysed from the collected data. It is estimated that total energy consumption decreasing around 47.7% over a year from 84,232kWh to 44,014kWh by retrofitted the fluorescent T8, 36W with fluorescent T5, 25W. The estimated total annual electricity bill saving is at RM11,073 (USD3500.00). The return in retrofitting cost is at 2.5 years payback period. The payback analysis portray that lighting design is best integrated with daylight. The significant amount of saving in energy consumption and the cost of retrofit is obtained by integrating daylight as a source of lighting for interior space.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Boosting Low-Energy-Quality Steam by Using Wave Rotor

2021 ◽  
Vol 2097 (1) ◽  
pp. 012018
Author(s):  
Yuqiang Dai ◽  
Zhipeng Tang ◽  
Mohan Li ◽  
Gang Hao ◽  
Luwei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Wave Rotor ◽  
Entrainment Ratio ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Steam Ejector ◽  
Pressure Steam

Abstract Owing to the difficult utilization of the low-pressure level in the process industry, the low-energy-quality steam is often condensed to recover the demineralized water or just discharged directly, causing a huge waste of thermal energy. A novel technology of enhancing the steam’s energy quality by using the wave rotor based on the principle of moving shockwave compression is proposed. The supercharging ability of 3-port wave rotor is studied by meaning of 1-dimension unsteady theory and computational fluid dynamic. A practical thermodynamic flowsheet of boosting the low-pressure steam driven by high-pressure steam is also proposed and analysed in detail. As an example, to boost the saturated steam of pressure 1.0 MPa to 1.953 MPa, a three-stage wave rotor solution is proposed and is verified its feasibility. The high supercharging ratio and entrainment ratio of the wave rotor are much higher than the traditional steam ejector shows the feasibility of enhancing energy-quality of low-pressure steam.

Economic and Bioenergy Efficiency of Cultivation of Saflor Varieties Depending on Care for Cultivations on Herbicide-Free and Herbicide

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Energy Coefficient ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

A well-recognized scientific method of assessing crop production in inflation is the analysis of economic and bioenergy efficiencies. Bioenergy assessment allows you to compare the effectiveness of different technologies in crop production in terms of energy consumption and identify ways to save it. The aim of the research was to determine the economic and bioenergy efficiency of growing safflower varieties depending on the care of crops on herbicide and herbicide backgrounds. The research was conducted in 2017-2019 in the fields of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. Sowing of safflower varieties Zhyvchyk and Dobrynya was carried out in the first decade of April with a sowing rate of 240 thousand similar seeds per hectare, which were sown on herbicide-free (control) and herbicide (Harnes 3 l/ha) backgrounds. The system of the main tillage: classical. Variants of the crop care system: 1 - without care (control); 2 - harrowing before and after germination; 3 - 2 row spacing; 4 - harrowing and inter-row cultivation. Economic evaluation of the cultivation of safflower varieties by different care systems using herbicides was performed using generally accepted methods in accordance with DSTU 4397 and GSTU 3-37-4-94. In the process of economic evaluation were determined by the total cost of cultivation, the cost and cost of products, profits and profitability. Evaluation of bioenergy efficiency of safflower technology included analysis of the structure of total energy consumption per 1 ha and 1 quintal of production by cost items. Depending on the methods of crop care, the yield of safflower variety Zhyvchyk was in the range: on the background without herbicide 1.08-1.35 t/ha, on the herbicide background 1.24-1.34 t/ha and variety Dobrynya: on the background without herbicide 1.16-1.40 t/ha, on a herbicide background 1.34-1.64 t/ha. The increase from the application of soil herbicide was equal to: for the variety Zhyvchyk 0.09-0.13 t/ha, for the variety Dobrynya 0.15-0.18 t/ha. Depending on the option of crop care, the yield of safflower increased by: 0.15-0.30 t/ha. The highest yields of safflower of Zhyvchyk variety - 1.54 and Dobrynya variety - 1.64 t/ha were obtained when growing against the background of soil herbicide application with harrowing and inter-row cultivation. The lowest amount of costs was obtained in the variants without herbicide application and without crop care and was for the variety Zhyvchyk 2990 UAH/ha, for the variety Dobrynya 2998 UAH/ha. On a herbicide-free background and with crop care, the costs increased to: 3118-3272 UAH/ha in the variety Zhyvchyk and 3124-3279 UAH/ha in the variety Dobrynya. On a herbicidal background with different care options, the costs were equal to: 3818-4101 UAH/ha in the variety Zhyvchyk and 3827-4112 UAH/ha in the variety Dobrynya. The highest costs (4101-4112 UAH/ha) are calculated for the technology of cultivation with the use of herbicide and two inter-row treatments. The cost of production increased from 18360 to 26180 UAH/ha in the variety Zhyvchyk and from 19720 to 27880 UAH/ha in the variety Dobrynya in variants with the use of different care systems against the background of soil herbicide application in relation to the control. The highest cost for both varieties of safflower was obtained against the background of herbicide application with harrowing and inter-row tillage. The cost of production, depending on the methods of crop care and application of soil herbicide was equal to: in the variety Zhyvchyk 2372-3079, in the variety Dobrynya 2291-2878 UAH/t. The level of profitability, depending on the cultivation techniques of safflower varieties was 514-642%. According to the average three-year yield data, the analysis of economic efficiency of safflower cultivation showed that taking into account the total cultivation costs and the cost of the obtained products, higher profit for Zhyvchyk variety (17262-22147 UAH/ ha) and for Dobrynya variety (18783-23836 UAH/ha) obtained against the background of soil herbicide application. This indicator was higher in the variants with crop care techniques in relation to control. The largest conditionally net profit - 23836 UAH/ha for the variety Zhyvchyk and 22147 UAH/ha for the variety Dobrynya was obtained in the variants with harrowing and inter-row cultivation. The total energy consumption for both varieties was lower on the herbicide-free background without care and was equal to 8391 MJ/ha, the highest costs - 10853 MJ/ ha obtained on the herbicide background with the use of harrowing and inter-row tillage. The highest energy intensity of seeds was obtained against the background of application of soil herbicide without care and was for the variety Zhyvchyk 8097 MJ/t, for the variety Dobrynya 7549 MJ/t. On a herbicide-free background, they decreased to 7770 and 7234 MJ/t, respectively. In the variants with agricultural crop care methods, energy intensity indicators also decreased to 6790-7397 in the variety Zhyvchyk and 6494-6947 MJ/t in the variety Dobrynya in relation to the control. The lowest values of energy consumption for the variety Zhyvchyk (6790 MJ/t) and for the variety Dobrynya (6494 MJ/t) were obtained on a herbicide-free background with two inter-row treatments. The yield of gross energy depending on the cultivation techniques was: for the variety Zhyvchyk 24408-34804 and for the variety Dobrynya 26216-37064 MJ/ha. It was the smallest on a herbicide-free background in the absence of crop care techniques. The highest energy yield in both varieties was obtained against the background of the application of soil herbicide with harrowing and inter-row tillage. The energy coefficient was 2.8-3.3 for the Zhyvchyk variety and 3.0-3.5 for the Dobrynya variety. Higher indicators of energy coefficient, both in the variety Zhyvchyk and in the variety Dobrynya, were when grown on a herbicide-free background. In the variants with crop care techniques on both backgrounds, the energy factor also increased.

scholarly journals Occupancy matters: toward an occupancy-driven ventilation system using WiFi infrastructure and neural network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazanin Abbaszadeh Bajgiran
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Received Signal Strength Indicator ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Finger Printing ◽  
The Cost

Buildings accounted for 20% of total energy consumption and 54% of electricity usage in 2013 in Canada. Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning system is the main consumer of energy in the buildings. The common approach for designing a ventilation system is a predefined schedule based on the maximum capacity disregard the actual number of occupants. We believe that passive use of already existing WiFi infrastructures can replace the monitoring sensors and cut the cost of energy and extra sensors installation. A field study was conducted in graduate offices of Ryerson University to examine the opportunity of energy saving by changing the fixed ventilation schedule to the occupancy driven one. The number of occupants had been determined using pre-existing WiFi infrastructure and by using the real time occupancy data, the new system achieved 76% reduction in ventilation energy consumption. To further investigate the potentials of WiFi infrastructure, Finger Printing and Neural Network method had been used to map the occupant’s location by analyzing the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of the wifi equipped device. The results showed 95% accuracy in the first round of testing and 92% accuracy after 1 week of retesting the model by using pattern recognition technique. Employing this approach could lead to even more energy saving by assigning the required airflow to each subzone proportionally to the number of its occupants.

scholarly journals An IoT-Based Home Energy Management System over Dynamic Home Area Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jongbae Kim ◽  
Jinsung Byun ◽  
Daebeom Jeong ◽  
Myeong-in Choi ◽  
Byeongkwan Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Energy Management System ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Home Energy Management ◽  
Home Area ◽  
Home Energy Management System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Home Area Networks

A smart grid (SG) has attracted great attention due to recent environmental problems. SG technologies enable users, such as energy system operators and consumers, to reduce energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases, by changing energy infrastructure more efficiently. As a part of the SG, home energy management system (HEMS) has become increasingly important, because energy consumption of a residential sector accounts for a significant amount of total energy consumption. However, a conventional HEMS has some architectural limitations on scalability, reusability, and interoperability. Furthermore, the cost of implementation of a HEMS is very expensive, which leads to the disturbance of the spread of a HEMS. Therefore, this paper proposes an Internet of Things- (IoT-) based HEMS with lightweight photovoltaic (PV) system over dynamic home area networks (DHANs), which enables the construction of a HEMS to be more scalable, reusable, and interoperable. We suggest the techniques for reducing the cost of the HEMS with various perspectives on system, network, and middleware architecture. We designed and implemented the proposed HEMS and conducted a experiment to verify the performance of the proposed system.

The Effect of Various Components of Triglycerides and Conversion Factor on Energy Consumption in Biodiesel Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sariah Abang ◽  
S. M. Anisuzzaman ◽  
Awang Bono ◽  
D. Krishnaiah ◽  
N. A. Afikah
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Aspen Hysys ◽  
Unit Operations

AbstractMajor components of triglycerides in palm oil are palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, in which the presence of these components effects the final purity of a biodiesel. Since reaction process and type of catalyst influence the composition of the free fatty acid (FFA) ASPEN HYSYS was used to simulate a biodiesel production process. Furthermore, higher yield of biodiesel was desired to increase its efficiency as fuel application. Palm oil was taken as the raw material at different components of FFA wt% by using sulphated zirconium (SZ) as the catalyst. Three simulations of biodiesel production processes were performed using ASPEN HYSYS based on 99 % of conversion factor to determine the energy consumption and the results were compared. The conversion factor for each component and the mixture of all of the components was discussed. Results showed that triolein with 0.12 wt% of oleic acid produced 99.75 % of biodiesel, while tripalmitin with 0.5 wt% of palmitic acid is the most abundant FFA in palm oil producing 99.67 % of biodiesel. The total energy consumption in the three processes were different because, different types of feedstocks and unit operations arrangements have been used.

scholarly journals Occupancy matters: toward an occupancy-driven ventilation system using WiFi infrastructure and neural network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazanin Abbaszadeh Bajgiran
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Received Signal Strength Indicator ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Finger Printing ◽  
The Cost

Buildings accounted for 20% of total energy consumption and 54% of electricity usage in 2013 in Canada. Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning system is the main consumer of energy in the buildings. The common approach for designing a ventilation system is a predefined schedule based on the maximum capacity disregard the actual number of occupants. We believe that passive use of already existing WiFi infrastructures can replace the monitoring sensors and cut the cost of energy and extra sensors installation. A field study was conducted in graduate offices of Ryerson University to examine the opportunity of energy saving by changing the fixed ventilation schedule to the occupancy driven one. The number of occupants had been determined using pre-existing WiFi infrastructure and by using the real time occupancy data, the new system achieved 76% reduction in ventilation energy consumption. To further investigate the potentials of WiFi infrastructure, Finger Printing and Neural Network method had been used to map the occupant’s location by analyzing the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of the wifi equipped device. The results showed 95% accuracy in the first round of testing and 92% accuracy after 1 week of retesting the model by using pattern recognition technique. Employing this approach could lead to even more energy saving by assigning the required airflow to each subzone proportionally to the number of its occupants.

scholarly journals CREATING THE STANDARD FOR SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT PALM OIL INDUSTRY

SINERGI ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Alfa Firdaus ◽  
M Syamsul Ma’arif
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
A Value ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

There is currently no standard for the Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) in the palm oil industry. SEC is a value that can be used as an indicator to measure the optimization level in the use of energy. Indonesia as one of the largest palm oil producing countries requires a standard for energy intensity in the palm oil industry. SEC in palm oil mill is defined in the amount of energy per unit of production (kWh/kg). The classifying method that has been used in this study is K-means cluster analysis with the measurement samples in 14 palm oil mills for 12 months of period. This study has suggested the SEC standard for Indonesian palm oil industry and it is expected to be SEC reference for other studies in the palm oil industry.

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