PROPERTIES OF BOILER FUEL COMPOUNDED BY NARROW FUEL FRACTIONS

In order to improve the performance properties, in particular viscosity-temperature, of boiler fuel, it is proposed to combine them with narrow fuel fractions obtained by thermal destruction of secondary polymer raw materials (low pressure polyethylene and polypropylene). When compounding grade 100 fuel oil with narrow fuel fractions, the values ​​of density are reduced to 865 (873) kg / m3, conditional viscosity to 2.50 (2.63) deg. um., pour point up to 8 (13) °C), sulfur content up to 0.17 wt%. and the lower heat of combustion increases to 43606 (43850) kJ / kg. At the same time, there is a gradual decrease in the value of the flash point to 114 (127) °C. This reduction is a negative point, which leads to increased fire safety of fuel oil during its use, storage, pumping and transport. However, the values of the flash point, according to the requirements of regulatory documentation, are within acceptable limits. That is, the value of this indicator can limit the content of fuel oil in narrow fuel fractions. It is determined that the rational concentration of narrow fuel fractions in the composition of fuel oil grade 100, is within 30% of the mass. Within these limits, there is a permissible decrease in flash point values – an indicator that characterizes the fire hazard of fuel oil during its use, storage, pumping and transportation against the background of improving other performance properties of fuel oil. The production of the proposed compound boiler fuel on the one hand allows to expand the raw material base of the process by involving in the production process secondary polymer raw materials – solid waste subject to mandatory disposal, on the other – to meet existing demand for boiler fuel by increasing its production.

Experiment analysis on the characteristic of empty fruit bunch, palm kernel shell, coconut shell, and rice husk for biomass boiler fuel

It has been a necessary option for most developing countries moving towards renewable energy options as part of the Paris Agreement, which minimizes conventional energy sources’ reliance. In Malaysia, biomass is a profitable renewable option compared to solar and hydro sources for energy production due to the abundance of agricultural biomass availability for immediate use. However, most of the biomass power plants in Malaysia depend on empty fruit bunch as fuel, causing problems when there is a shortage of fuel supply and other circumstances. Variations in the fuels’ properties provide a new challenge to the power plant output; however, mixing biomass fuels can overcome the issue. Hence, this article aims to study the empty fruit bunch (EFB) with other abundant biomass fuels like “palm kernel shell (PKS),” “rice husk (RH),” and “coconut shell (CS)” for biomass boiler fuel. Therefore, the biomass’s composition and characteristics need to be known, which was done through the proximate analysis (PA), ultimate analysis (UA), and high heating value (HHV). As a result of PA, UA, and HHV, RH is the least favourable fuel due to lowest ((moisture (4.92%), volatile matter (63.20%), carbon (42.50%), hydrogen (5.42%), nitrogen (0.43%) and sulphur (0.01%)) and highest ash content (18.19%), whereas CS exhibits the most favourable option with highest (carbon (50.25%) and oxygen (42.57%)) and second highest in HHV (20.53%) compared with PKS. Thus, the experiments have provided the least and highest favourable feedstock ratios option for biomass boiler fuel application.

Fuel and material utilization of a waste shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushroom bed derived from hardwood chips I: characteristics of calorific value in terms of elemental composition and ash content

To understand the fuel characteristics of a waste shiitake mushroom bed derived from hardwood chips, the moisture content at the time of disposal and after 1 month, as well as its calorific value, ash content, and elemental composition, were investigated. The moisture content on a wet basis (MCw) was 78% at the time of disposal and was as high as 63% even 1 month after disposal. It is considered that the slow drying process is caused by the low moisture permeability of the skin of mushroom bed, and therefore, it is preferable to crush the waste mushroom bed before drying. Comparing the gross calorific value on a dry basis of the waste mushroom bed with that of the cultivation bed wood chips, the value inside of the waste mushroom bed was similar, while that of its skin was significantly lower (by 11%). The reason for this lies in the significantly higher ash content and nitrogen content compared to those of wood. When analyzed from the combustion heat of the contained elements, it was found that both the cultivation bed wood chips and the waste mushroom bed had almost no hydrogen contributing to combustion due to their high oxygen content, and they were dependent on the heat generation of carbon. As a result of finding the relationship between the net calorific value that can be used as a boiler fuel and MCw, for example, the value at an MCw of 50% was calculated to be 7.6 MJ/kg, which was almost the same as that of sugi (Cryptomeria Japonica) sapwood and bark. The ash content of the waste mushroom bed was about 7%, which is close to that of bark and about ten times that of the wood used for the cultivation bed. When the waste mushroom bed is used as boiler fuel, appropriate ash treatment is required as in the case of using bark.

Evaluation of boiler performance with using of bio-ethanol absorbed wood pellets

In current trends the wood pellets are very significance role in the replacing of boiler fuel; it is a surrogate and renewable fuel. For this study comparative analysis of the fuel performance in the boiler is carried out effectively. Two categorize of fuel like as raw wood pellets and wood pellets are immersed in the bio- ethanol are taken to this experimental work. The thermal characteristics and thermal efficiency of the boiler with influence of two types of fuels are conducted efficiently. Normally the wood pellets having small pores it is used to absorb the bio ethanol while in immersion. Amid in the two fuels, wood pellets immersed in the bio ethanol are provided and increase the thermal properties as well as thermal efficiency compared to raw pellets. The flue gas constituent?s percentage such as carbon monoxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are analyzed, additionally the high temperature of flue gas also measured in the outlet of the chimney. No alteration is made in the boiler setup which is comfortable to both fuels.

Phenol Extraction from Schistous Tar of Shubarkol Deposit

The process of extracting phenols from schistous tar using extractants based on water solutions of technical ethanol with concentration of 70% is considered in this article. According to chromato-mass-spectrometric (CMS) analysis, initial schistous tar contains 28.29 % of summary phenols, after extraction with 70% alcohol solution this had dropped by 8.76 %. According to results of laboratory studies, the best extraction properties were identified as occurring with 70% water ethanol of schistous tar with the ratio 1:1. As we see from obtained data, after extraction with ethanol, phenol content in tar is decreased by up to 8.76 %. After elimination of phenols, schistous tar might be applied as hydrocarbonic material for future processing into motor or boiler fuel. Keywords: Schistous tar, phenol, extraction

Potential of Steam Recovery from Excess Steam in Sterilizer at Palm Oil Mill

Energy saving is something that being focus deeply either larger or smaller industry in this current era especially steam and electricity. In a crude palm oil mill, tons of fibers and woods are used for burning process as a boiler fuel to generate steam. As steam is good heat transfer medium, it is use for the regular process of heating the product or materials by direct and batch heating to raise the temperature in order to change the characteristic. In typical palm oil mill, every 1000kg of fresh fruits bunches (FFB) required 250kg of steam energy for the sterilization process. It is not surprising that the exhaust lost that release to the atmosphere from the total steam usage is about 70%, which can conclude as energy waste. By referring to this issue, the cost of replace consumable boiler fuel increase tremendously. Besides that, the huge amount of heat release caused the thermal pollution that may have significant effects in the ecological balance and lead to changes in the aquatic fauna and flora. This paper reviews and critically discusses the waste of steam energy and the morphology involved in excess steam from sterilizer. The system that combined with few steps of steam recovery were developed to recovery the low-pressure steam to form the mid-pressure steam that can able to reuse at the process plant. The steam ejector technology is use in this research to recover and reuse the excess steam leading to lower energy consumption and fuel costs. The overall idea is about combining the low-pressure excess steam with high-pressure steam that directly supply from back pressure receiver to form the mid-pressure steam. The Ansys software used as to identify the change of parameter of excess steam and through the software, the percentage of motive steam needed to combine with excess steam finalized. Via recovery and reuse the excess steam from sterilizer, the total energy consumption will be minimized at least 20% which can able to reduce the massive expenses for boiler fuel that benefit the palm oil mill owners.

PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI UNTUK SISA BAHAN BAKU (STUDI KASUS PTPN I UNIT PKS TANJUNG SEUMANTOH ACEH TAMIANG)

The purpose of this research is to know how the accounting treatment for the scrap materials at PTPN 1 unit PKS Tanjung Seumantoh Aceh Tamiang. The scrap material from the palm oil production process at PTPN 1 unit PKS Tanjung Seumantoh Aceh Tamiang are in the form of palm shells and fiber. The type of this research is qualitative research with descriptive analysis method. The result of shows that the scrap material for palm kernel shells was recognized as other income and presented in the company’s income statement, while fiber was used as boiler fuel as well as a reduction in manufacturing overhead costs