scholarly journals Investigating the Palm Oil Mill Wastes Properties for Thermal Power Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Noraishah Shafiqah Yacob ◽  
Hassan Mohamed ◽  
Abd Halim Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Renewable energy is a reliable solution for addressing global warming and fossil fuel depletion issues. Due to the abundance of biomass resources, such as palm oil wastes, which are currently underutilised, this is an opportunity for Malaysia to seize and implement this renewable energy solution for power generation. Palm oil mill wastes, such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm mesocarp fibre (PMF), and palm kernel shell (PKS), are worth to be investigated as a possible feedstock for combustion in thermal power plants. Co-combustion or co-firing of biomass in coal-fired thermal power plants offers a significant potential to reduce harmful emissions and represents a low cost and low-risk method. This paper aims to review and compare existing biomass thermal combustion technologies globally to evaluate the potential of utilising palm oil waste with coal. Before undergoing various pretreatment options, it is necessary to understand the feedstock characteristics for thermal power plant combustion. It is recommended to implement the combustion of palm oil wastes with coal in Malaysia to reduce harmful pollution. Based on the findings, Malaysia appears to be on the right track to optimise the use of palm oil wastes for electricity generation. The enhanced usage will reduce the negative impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Power Cycles of Generation III and III+ Nuclear Power Plants

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Dragunov ◽  
Eugene Saltanov ◽  
Igor Pioro ◽  
Pavel Kirillov ◽  
Romney Duffey
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power Plants

It is well known that the electrical-power generation is the key factor for advances in any other industries, agriculture and level of living. In general, electrical energy can be generated by: 1) non-renewable-energy sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and 2) renewable-energy sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and marine. However, the main sources for electrical-energy generation are: 1) thermal - primary coal and secondary natural gas; 2) “large” hydro and 3) nuclear. The rest of the energy sources might have visible impact just in some countries. Modern advanced thermal power plants have reached very high thermal efficiencies (55–62%). In spite of that they are still the largest emitters of carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Due to that, reliable non-fossil-fuel energy generation, such as nuclear power, becomes more and more attractive. However, current Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) are way behind by thermal efficiency (30–42%) compared to that of advanced thermal power plants. Therefore, it is important to consider various ways to enhance thermal efficiency of NPPs. The paper presents comparison of thermodynamic cycles and layouts of modern NPPs and discusses ways to improve their thermal efficiencies.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculation Methodology in Thermal Power Plants: Case Study of Iran and Comparison With Canada

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshid Zabihian ◽  
Alan S. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Thermal Power Plants

Nowadays, the global climate change has been a worldwide concern and the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are considered as the primary cause of that. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) divided countries into two groups: Annex I Parties and Non-Annex I Parties. Since Iran and all other countries in the Middle East are among Non-Annex I Parties, they are not required to submit annual GHG inventory report. However, the global climate change is a worldwide phenomenon so Middle Eastern countries should be involved and it is necessary to prepare such a report at least unofficially. In this paper the terminology and the methods to calculate GHG emissions will first be explained and then GHG emissions estimates for the Iranian power plants will be presented. Finally the results will be compared with GHG emissions from the Canadian electricity generation sector. The results for the Iranian power plants show that in 2005 greenhouse gas intensity for steam power plants, gas turbines and combined cycle power plants were 617, 773, and 462 g CO2eq/kWh, respectively with the overall intensity of 610 g CO2eq/kWh for all thermal power plants. This GHG intensity is directly depend on efficiency of power plants. Whereas, in 2004 GHG intensity for electricity generation sector in Canada for different fuels were as follows: Coal 1010, refined petroleum products 640, and natural gas 523 g CO2eq/kWh, which are comparable with same data for Iran. For average GHG intensity in the whole electricity generation sector the difference is much higher: Canada 222 vs. Iran 610g CO2eq/kWh. The reason is that in Canada a considerable portion of electricity is generated by hydro-electric and nuclear power plants in which they do not emit significant amount of GHG emissions. The average GHG intensity in electricity generation sector in Iran between 1995 and 2005 experienced 13% reduction. While in Canada at the same period of time there was 21% increase. However, the results demonstrate that still there are great potentials for GHG emissions reduction in Iran’s electricity generation sector.

scholarly journals Involvement in the economic turnover of ash and slag waste of thermal power plants in the interests of eco-oriented economic development

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Pukhov ◽  
Svetlana Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Ash And Slag Waste ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Slag Waste

The article is devoted to the problem of reducing environmental pollution from ash and slag waste and obtaining benefits from their use in the national economy. The main aspects of the negative impact of ash and slag waste on the environment are considered. The use of ash and slag materials in the economy of Russia and foreign countries is characterized. The main problems in the waste management system in the Russian Federation, which impede the wider involvement of waste from thermal power plants in economic circulation, are identified. In the interests of reducing the negative impact of waste from thermal power plants on the environment and their more active involvement in the economic turnover, the most promising directions in this area have been identified. The current trends in the development of ash and slag waste management and the problems in this area are highlighted. The authors proposed to use an integrated approach to the waste management of thermal power plants, which covers various areas of technological activity and takes into account production, economic, environmental and other factors. The article presents a set of factors developed within the framework of the proposed approach that stimulate and hinder the development of projects in the field of waste management of thermal power plants. A set of indicators is proposed for analyzing projects (measures, programs) for the waste management of thermal power plants in the Russian Federation, reflecting commercial, environmental, socio-economic, legal interests. An approach and methodological basis for comparing alternative technologies (projects) for the treatment of waste from thermal power plants and selecting the most efficient are proposed. An algorithm for using an integrated approach to waste management of thermal power plants in the interests of sustainable economic development is proposed. The main provisions and conclusions of the study can be used in the practical activities of the fuel and energy complex, and can also serve as material for training specialists in the field of waste management and ensuring the environmental safety of the fuel and energy complex.

Palm oil mill effluent treatment and utilization to ensure the sustainability of palm oil industries

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1089-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Hasanudin ◽  
R. Sugiharto ◽  
A. Haryanto ◽  
T. Setiadi ◽  
K. Fujie
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current condition of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment and utilization and to propose alternative scenarios to improve the sustainability of palm oil industries. The research was conducted through field survey at some palm oil mills in Indonesia, in which different waste management systems were used. Laboratory experiment was also carried out using a 5 m3 pilot-scale wet anaerobic digester. Currently, POME is treated through anaerobic digestion without or with methane capture followed by utilization of treated POME as liquid fertilizer or further treatment (aerobic process) to fulfill the wastewater quality standard. A methane capturing system was estimated to successfully produce renewable energy of about 25.4–40.7 kWh/ton of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by about 109.41–175.35 kgCO2e/tonFFB (CO2e: carbon dioxide equivalent). Utilization of treated POME as liquid fertilizer increased FFB production by about 13%. A palm oil mill with 45 ton FFB/hour capacity has potential to generate about 0.95–1.52 MW of electricity. Coupling the POME-based biogas digester and anaerobic co-composting of empty fruit bunches (EFBs) is capable of adding another 0.93 MW. The utilization of POME and EFB not only increases the added value of POME and EFB by producing renewable energy, compost, and liquid fertilizer, but also lowers environmental burden.

scholarly journals Optimal Sizing of Battery-Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources with Ramp Rate Limitations on a Grid Using ALA-QPSO

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5368
Author(s):  
Ramakrishna S. S. Nuvvula ◽  
Devaraj Elangovan ◽  
Kishore Srinivasa Teegala ◽  
Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan ◽  
Md. Rabiul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Wind Energy Systems ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy ◽  
Optimal Set

Higher penetration of variable renewable energy sources into the grid brings down the plant load factor of thermal power plants. However, during sudden changes in load, the thermal power plants support the grid, though at higher ramping rates and with inefficient operation. Hence, further renewable additions must be backed by battery energy storage systems to limit the ramping rate of a thermal power plant and to avoid deploying diesel generators. In this paper, battery-integrated renewable energy systems that include floating solar, bifacial rooftop, and wind energy systems are evaluated for a designated smart city in India to reduce ramping support by a thermal power plant. Two variants of adaptive-local-attractor-based quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (ALA-QPSO) are applied for optimal sizing of battery-integrated and hybrid renewable energy sources to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCoE), battery life cycle loss (LCL), and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The obtained results are then compared with four variants of differential evolution. The results show that out of 427 MW of the energy potential, an optimal set of hybrid renewable energy sources containing 274 MW of rooftop PV, 99 MW of floating PV, and 60 MW of wind energy systems supported by 131 MWh of batteries results in an LPSP of 0.005%, an LCoE of 0.077 USD/kW, and an LCL of 0.0087. A sensitivity analysis of the results obtained through ALA-QPSO is performed to assess the impact of damage to batteries and unplanned load appreciation, and it is found that the optimal set results in more energy sustainability.

scholarly journals Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Residue as Sustainable Pavement Materials: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. A. Yaro ◽  
◽  
M. Napiah ◽  
M. H. Sutanto ◽  
M. R. Hainin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Heavy Metal Leaching ◽  
Pavement Materials ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Oil Fuel

The advances in industrial technology have led to a major rise in the amount and forms of residue, especially during the processing of agricultural products. With the paradigm shift towards renewable energy and sustainability, there is much emphasis on biomass energy around the world which generates an immense volume of residues yearly. These residues are burgeoning issues because they are not effectively managed and utilized. Hence, one solution is utilizing them in the pavement industry. This article focuses on palm oil mill residues that are abundantly available and discarded in Malaysia. This study evaluates published works of literature relating to the utilization of these residues like the Palm Oil Fiber (POF), Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), and Palm Oil Clinker (POC) and Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) in the pavement industry. The outcome of the review acknowledges the greater sustainability potential of these residues with affirmative and satisfactory performance via the result of numerous research work. Also, with a reduction in CO2-emission, low radioactivity, and heavy metal leaching level. Therefore, the review suggests more exploration and utilization of the residue in the pavement industry since it promotes safety and harness sustainability.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy for Environmental Protection: Life Cycle Inventory of Nigeria’s Palm Oil Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelechi E Anyaoha ◽  
Lulu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Technology Advancement ◽  
Oil Palm Industry

Energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will increase significantly in the developing world. Scaling up bioenergy use and reducing GHG emissions is vital to achieving the Nationally Determined Contributions and advance the greener economy. This study explored the life cycle inventories of Nigeria’s palm oil processors towards supporting technology advancement and renewable energy transition in the African oil palm industry. We compiled a gate-to-gate life cycle inventory of large-scale, semi-mechanized, and smallholder processors of oil palm fresh fruit bunch in Nigeria. The inventory includes materials and energy inputs to the system and outputs and emissions to the environment. The inputs are diesel, water, electricity, empty fruit bunch, palm kernel shell and mesocarp fibre for a functional unit of 1 tonne of fresh fruit bunch while the outputs include crude palm oil, palm kernel, and all emissions to air and soil. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and dinitrogen oxide (N2O) emissions were 47% and 73% more in the smallholder mills than in the large-scale mills, respectively. The semi-mechanized mills produced 73% more N2O than the large-scale mills. In contrast, large-scale mills emit 71% more methane (CH4) than smallholder and semi-mechanized mills. The study reveals critical hot spots of GHG emissions in Nigeria’s oil palm industry, including CO2, N2O, and CH4 from the smallholder, semi-mechanized, and large-scale processors, respectively. These findings will contribute to supporting policymaking, technology advancement, and promoting the use of bioenergy within and outside the industry as an essential strategy for mitigating climate change.

scholarly journals Ash From Thermal Power Plants as Secondary Raw Material

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladica Čudić ◽  
Dragica Kisić ◽  
Dragoslava Stojiljković ◽  
Aleksandar Jovović
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Secondary Raw Material ◽  
The Republic

Ash From Thermal Power Plants as Secondary Raw MaterialThe basic characteristic of thermal power plants in the Republic of Serbia is that they use low-grade brown coal (lignite) as a fuel. Depending on the location of coal mines, lignite may have different properties such as heating value, moisture, and mineral content, resulting in different residue upon combustion. Because of several million tonnes of ash and slag generated every year, their granularmetric particle size distribution, and transport and disposal methods, these plants have a negative impact on the environment. According to the waste classification system in the Republic of Serbia, ash and slag from thermal power plants are classified as hazardous waste, but with an option of usability. The proposed revision of waste legislation in Serbia brings a number of simple and modern solutions. A procedure is introduced which allows for end-of-waste criteria to be set, clarifying the point where waste ceases to be waste, and thereby introducing regulatory relief for recycled products or materials that represent low risk for the environment. The new proposal refocuses waste legislation on the environmental impacts of the generation and management of waste, taking into account the life cycle of resources, and develops new waste prevention programmes. Stakeholders, as well as the general public, should have the opportunity to participate in the drawing up of the programmes, and should have access to them.

Application of Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon for the Removal of Pollutant and Color in Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
NorFaizah Jalani ◽  
AstimarAbdul Aziz ◽  
NoorshamsianaAbdul Wahab ◽  
WanHasamudin Wan Hassan ◽  
NahrulHayawin Zainal
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Palm Oil Mill
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